• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.963-971
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• 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of financial literacy and taxation on competitive advantage, in order to determine the effect of financial literacy and taxation on the performance of MSMEs, and to determine the effect of competitive advantage on the performance of MSMEs. This study uses primary data through a questionnaire. The population is Creative MSME actors in DIY. Creative MSMEs in Yogyakarta were chosen because Yogyakarta is an area that is rich in traditional culture and various characters of its inhabitants, thus encouraging the development of the potential of Creative MSMEs. This research uses primary data sources on Creative MSMEs in Yogyakarta. The samples were determined by the proportional simple random sampling technique; taking a sample of 20% of the total Creative MSMEs in each district/city. The samples that deserve to be respondents in this study were 210 samples of Creative MSMEs actors in DIY. The statistical technique for analyzing data is the AMOS Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results showed that financial literacy had an effect on the competitive advantage and performance of MSMEs, tax literacy had an effect on competitive advantage, competitive advantage had an effect on the performance of MSMEs. However, tax literacy has no effect on the performance of MSMEs.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.145-152
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the principal's democratic leadership style, teacher competency, work discipline, and work environment on teacher performance during the pandemic. Using the proportional random sampling strategy, a sample of 468 respondents consisted of kindergarten teachers, elementary school teachers, junior high school teachers, junior high school teachers, and high school/vocational school teachers. The study revealed that the principal's democratic leadership style, teacher competence, work discipline, and work environment substantially impact teacher performance. However, the principal's democratic leadership style does not affect teacher performance, whereas teacher competence, work discipline, and work environment have a minor impact on teacher performance. Furthermore, during the COVID-19 pandemic, work discipline is the most critical variable influencing teacher performance. The findings of this study suggest that the principal's democratic leadership style, teacher competence, work discipline, and work environment have a positive impact on teacher performance during the pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, work discipline is the most important variable influencing teacher performance. Considering that democratic leadership has no effect on teacher performance and that this leadership style is widely used by school principals in the world of education, it is assumed that there is no effect on teacher performance.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.507-518
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• 2022

This study aimed to measure the monetary and non-monetary effects on brand awareness at hypermarkets in Riyadh. The independent variable consists of three sub-variables: price reductions, free samples, and purchasing vouchers. The research population has all Saudi and non-Saudi buyers in Riyadh. The figures show that the population size reached 3.87 million in 2019. The proportional stratification sampling technique and the recommended sample size were 387 buyers. The five-point Likert scale with the fully structured questionnaire was used. The study concldes the effect of free samples on brand awareness while there was no effect of monetary instruments. The results show that the three sales promotion incentives (price reduction, free samples, and purchasing vouchers) moderately affected brand awareness and a key role in explaining consumer behavior, so the significant impact was proved. In summary, this study showed that price reductions have the power of creating the perception of buyers at hypermarkets in Riyadh. Non-cash instruments were more effective than cash instruments in enhancing brand awareness at the hypermarkets in the Saudi market. So, the price reductions and purchasing vouchers have less power in conducting communication-based awareness. Building awareness and improving brand image through free samples were most visible in communication strategy.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.259-276
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• 2011

If frail elderly could use home care services adequately, quality of their life might improve and their costs of service would be decreased. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors on institutionalization of elderly using home care services in Korean long-term care insurance system. This study used the data of '2009 satisfaction survey of Korean long-term care system'. The survey proceeded using sampling data by region, level of long-term care need, and insurance type among beneficiaries from August 2009 to September 2010. The onset dates of institutionalization of 1,230 participants were ascertained from long-term care insurance claim data. This study calculated hazard ratio through Cox Proportional Hazard Model. The results showed that if elderly using home care services suffer a fracture, the hazard ratio of institutionalization is higher significantly. Although not significant, if older persons have more items of damaged cognitive functions, the hazard ratio of institutionalization is higher. The results have policy implications to supplement of home care service system and postpone institutionalization of elderly.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.375-385
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• 2009

For 2007 Korea presidential election, most polls by telephone surveys indicated Lee Myung-Bak led the second runner-up Jung Dong-Young by certain margin. The margin between two candidates can be estimated accurately by averaging individual poll results, provided there exists no systematic bias in telephone surveys. Most Korean telephone surveys via telephone directory are based on quota samples, with the region, the gender and the age-band as quota variables. Thus the surveys may result in certain systematic bias due to unbalanced factors inherent in quota sampling. The aim of this study is to answer the following questions by the analytic methods adopted in Huh et al. (2004): Question 1. Wasn't there systematic bias in estimates of support rates. Question 2. If yes, what was the source of the bias? To answer the questions, we collected eighteen surveys administered during the election campaign period and applied the iterated proportional weighting (the rim weighting) to the last eleven surveys to obtain the balance in five factors - region, gender, age, occupation and education level. We found that the support rate of Lee Myung-Bak was over-estimated consistently by 1.4%P and that of Jung Dong-Young was underestimated by 0.6%P, resulting in the over-estimation of the margin by 2.0%P. By investigating the Lee Myung-Bak bias with logistic regression models, we conclude that it originated from the under-representation of less educated class and/or the over-representation of house wives in telephone samples.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.6-12
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• 1964

The present paper deals with the changes in serum protein fraction, total serum protein, hematocrit, red blood cell, haemoglobin, and weight of liver or kidney : body weight ratio of irradiated and non-irradiated snake head, Ophicephalus argus(CANTOR) . Irrardiation doses are 2537$\AA$-7 minutes (7M) and 2537$\AA$-15 minutes (15M). Serum electrophoretic patterns showed a marked decrease in albumin fraction at 1, 3, 9, 12 and 15 days on 7M group and 15 M group. On both experimental groups percentage increases in $\alpha$1 and $\beta$ fractions occurred at different time periods in general but are interpreted as only apparent changes accompanying the greater albumin fall. ${\gamma}$-Globulin decreased at 1, 6 and 15 days on 7M group. and at 1, 3, 6 and 9 days on 15M group. Also, A/G ratio was significantly low in groups subjected to above conditions as compared to the controls. A/G ratio decreased at 3 and 15 days remarkably on both groups. On the average, the reductions in the A/G ratio were not proportional to themagnitude of ultraviolet-light. Total protein of serum changed according to suggestive changes in electrophoretic patterns of serum . Total protein of serum declined at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 day periods on 7M groups and at 1, 3, 9, 12 and 15 day-periods on 15 M group, and increased approaching control values at 15 and 18 day-periods on both groups. Hematocrit increased remarkably at 1, 3, 6 and 12 days and decreased at 9 and 15 days on 7M group, and increased throughout the sampling period on 15M . Red blood cell decreased throughout the sampling period and increased slightly at 6 days on 7 M group and decreased at 1, 6, 9, 15 and 18 days and increased remarkably at 3 and 12 days on 15M group. Hemoglobin decreased remarkably at 1 day-period and increased at other days on both groups. The liver weight was not remarkably changed after whole body irradiation on both groups. and kidney was increased from 1st day on 7M group and 3 rd day on 15M group respectively. It appears that changes in electropphoretic patterns of serum, A/G ratio, total protein of serum, hematocrit, red blood cell, hemoglobin, and liver or kidney weight act to the detriment of the animal following non-ionizing irradiation.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.51
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• pp.39-58
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to verify the validation of the Korean-type destructive leadership scale in order to activate the leadership research of local police manager in Korea. For the purpose of this study, the entire police officer(under the rank of sergeant) working at the Gyeongnam Provincial Police Agency in 2017 was set up as the population. A proportional allocation sampling was used for the sampling, and the allocation standard was set up in the workplace, department, rank, and sex. Data collection was conducted from April 1, 2017 to April 30, 2017, for a total of 500 respondents, and 433 were finally used for actual analysis. In the study, reliability and validity of destructive leadership scale were verified through reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. As a result, the destructive leadership scale of Korean local police manager showed a high cronbach' ${\alpha}$ coefficient of 0.948 for the questionnaire related load and 0.974 in the questionnaire related organization, but, the model fit of confirmatory factor analysis was low. Therefore, through additional exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, we reconstructed 6 questionnaires by deleting 4 questionnaires among the load-related items. On the other hand, the organization-related items were verified to be appropriate for all of the existing 10 items, and the destructive leadership scale of Korean local police manager was finally reconstructed into 16 items with 2 factors. This study also confirmed that the above reconstruction model is statistically suitable. The destructive leadership scale of Korean local police manager can be used as the basic data of leadership research to be conducted in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.81-95
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• 2022

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of NH₃-N and nitrifying microorganisms on the increased BOD of downstream of the Yeongsan river in Gwangju. Water samples were collected periodically from the 13 sampling sites of rivers from April to October 2021 to monitor water qualities. In addition, the trends of nitrogenous biochemical oxygen demand (NBOD) and microbial clusters were analyzed by adding different NH₃-N concentrations to the water samples. The monitoring results showed that NH₃-N concentration in the Yeongsan river was 22 times increased after the inflow of discharged water from the Gwangju 1st public sewage treatment plant (G-1-PSTP). Increased NH₃-N elevated NBOD levels through the nitrification process in the river, consequently, it would attribute to the increase of BOD in the Yeongsan river. Meanwhile, there was no proportional relation between NBOD and NH₃-N concentrations. However, there was a significant difference in NBOD occurrence by sampling sites. Specifically, when 5 mg/L NH₃-N was added, NBOD of the river sample showed 2-4 times higher values after the inflow of discharged water from G-1-PSTP. Therefore, it could be thought other factors such as microorganisms influence the elevated NBOD levels. Through next-generation sequencing analysis, nitrifying microorganisms such as Nitrosomonas, Nitroga, and Nitrospira (Genus) were detected in rivers samples, especially, the proportion of them was the highest in river samples after the inflow of discharged water from G-1-PSTP. These results indicated the effects of nitrifying microorganisms and NH₃-N concentrations as important limiting factors on the increased NBOD levels in the rivers. Taken together, comprehensive strategies are needed not only to reduce the NH₃-N concentration of discharged water but also to control discharged nitrifying microorganisms to effectively reduce the NBOD levels in the downstream of the Yeongsan river where discharged water from G-1-PSTP flows.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.624-633
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the sexual behavior, health risk related to reproductive health, and characteristics of sexual experience among college students in Korea. Methods: Six thousands college students were selected through proportional quota sampling based on region, college, and gender. Structured questionnaires were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to describe the data. Results: Thirty eight percent (N=2,285) of the participants reported sexual intercourse. The mean age of first time sexual intercourse was 19.3 years old. Respondents reported the following health risks such as smoking, drinking, not exercising, no regular meal patterns, chronic disease status, and weight loss over 10 kg in the past three months showed significant differences by sexual intercourse experience (p<.01). Among those who had sexual intercourse experiences, 7.1% of them reported having a history of STDs and 11.6% reported a pregnancy or pregnancy of one's partner. Conclusion: The findings of this study reflect the current trends of sex behaviors among college students and correlations between health risks related to reproductive health and sexual intercourse experiences. Developing reproductive health education programs based on the findings and providing the programs to college students through a school nurse is suggested.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.253-259
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate the need for the retirement attitude of korean dental technicians. Retirement attitude is important in the study of retirement planning. Methods: A total of 778 dental technicians were selected by proportional stratified by region compared to extraction sampling from a list of korea dental technician association in 2012. The final sample size was 386. Questionnaires consisted of 10 questions general characteristics, 9 questions for the current life satisfaction and retirement preparation, and 4 questions about retirement attitudes on a Likert 5 scale. Cronbach's alpha was 0.812 in the study. All statistical analyzed were performed using SPSS 14.0(Statistical Packages for Social Science Ver. 14.0. Chicago, IL, USA). Results: An average of $3.01{\pm}0.8$ dental technicians were retirement attitude. To affect retirement attitude marital status, age, subjective health status, assets satisfaction, job type, job satisfaction and the economic outlook was living after retirement (p <0.05). Conclusion: This study suggested that retirement attitude of korean dental technicians was very important and the preparation must be connected with the social welfare policy.