• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.21-48
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• 2011

The paper affirms the weight proportion concept as an element, which could be empirically analyzed quantitatively through the developmental expansion of qualitative empirical analysis on taxonomy that is required for the construction Low-Carbon Green Cities and their eco-friendly elements, such as a pleasant residential environment The weight proportion concept is proposed as a new measure to identify eco-friendly elements and as an objective assessment indicators. To perform an empirical analysis, surveys were first given to the residents of Metropolitan Newtown (50 persons) and outside experts (50 persons) for the total of 100 persons. Second, the paper surveyed 74 sites of Eco-Environmental Certified Apartment Housing Complexes. Upon analysis of eco-friendly elements by their type and total weight, the largest weight proportion was expressed in the interior and eco-environmental elements, carbon-decrease types, and carbon-absorption types. The results of this paper confirm recent positive sentiments and preference toward a variety of future-oriented and sustainable eco-friendly elements like the eco-housing and new renewable energy, In addition, the paper affirmed the new housing trend towards constructing eco-friendly elements, such as carbon-decrease and carbon-absorption, that induce long-term investments, despite their need for higher investments.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.17-18
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• 2003

Although flounder is one of the most important marine fish for aquaculture in Korea, feeding the flounder in commercial farms depends mainly on moist pellet in which over 70% frozen fishes (e.g. frozen horse mackerel) are incorporated in its formulation. Therefore, for further expansion of flounder farming, it is essential to employ practical formulated feeds that can support reasonable growth. Development of nutritionally balanced and cost-effective feeds is dependant on the information about nutritional requirement and feed utilization of the species. Nutrient and energy source in feed are needed for the growth and maintenance of fish. Protein is probably the most important nutrient affecting fish growth and feed cost. Therefore, it is essential to determine the optimum dietary protein level for the growth of fish, both its high proportion in the feed and because it is the main factor in determining feed cost. Dietary energy level is also critical because protein source in the feed is utilized as an energy source when the feed deficient in energy is fed to fish, whereas when the feed excess in energy is fed to fish, feed consumption decreased and resulted in growth reduction due to lack of other necessary nutrients for normal growth. Improper dietary protein, energy levels and/or their ratio will lead to an increase of fish production cost and deterioration of water quality resulting from wasted feed; thus, they are important in formulating commercial feed. Dietary lipids play important roles in providing energy and essential fatty acid for normal growth and survival of fish. Although carbohydrates are not essential nutrients for carnivorous fish, these compounds play important roles as a low-cost energy source for protein sparing and also as a feed binder. Nutrition researches for flounder have identified its requirements of protein, lipid and essential fatty acid, vitamin, and minerals for normal growth. Other studies have also been carried out to investigate the utilization of the protein, lipid and carbohydrate sources. Based on these nutritional information obtained, practical feed formulations have been studied for improve aquaculture production of flounder. The results of the researches on utilization of dietary protein, lipid and carbohydrate by flounder are discussed in this review.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.957-966
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• 1999

Underreporting of dietary intake is common and might distort analysis and interpretation of dietary surveys. This study was designed to investigate the degree of underreporting and characterastics of under-reporting group in Korean college female students. Dietary survey of 1-day 24-hour recall method was conducted on 379 college students in Seoul and Chonan areas. Physical activity and life style were aquired from questionnnaires. Underreporting was defined as energy intake(EI) lower than 0.9BMR(based metabolic rate), since EI<0.98BMR is statistically judged as bias in 1-day 24 hour recall. BMR was calculated from Schofield's equation. Proportion of underreporting was 18.7% and it's not so different from one of American or European women. Intake of nutrients except vitamin A by underreporting group was lower than other groups(p<0.001). Proportions of subjects with nutrient intake level less than 75% of Korean RDA were more than 80% in protein, Ca, Fe, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, zinc as well as energy. Dietary quality of underreporting group was also worse than other groups. Proportion of subjects less than 3 food groups among 5 food group was higher in underreporting group. The number of foods eaten by underreporting group were also less than those of other groups. BMI and body weight were the largest in underreporting group(p<0.05) and the trial of weight reduction was shown higher trend(p<0.01). Different in PAC and other characteristics between underreporting group and other group were not significant. Not only dietary quantity but also dietary quality were worse in the underreporting group. Furthermore underreporting in college female students seemed to be affected by body weight and concern for weight reduction.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.172-179
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• 1998

In this paper, an alternative method which can evaluate a marginal power exceeding yearly peak load for each load bus is proposed. The proportion of the marginal power to yearly peak load for each load bus is defined as Local Marginal Power Rate (LMPR). Furthermore, the composite system is separated base on the LMPR. The bottleneck facilities could be found, while the LMPR is estimated. Then, it is possible to provide information concerning improvement in the system reliability by bottleneck facilities. The IEEE Reliability Test System (RTS) is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1880-1886
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• 2007

This study was conducted to examine the effects of different soy-oil and soy-lecithin levels on growth performance, nutrient utilization and serum parameters in broiler chickens. Two hundred and forty 1-day-old Arbor Acres chicks were randomly divided into 4 groups and treated as follows: basal diet with 2% soy-oil (SO); soy-oil and soy-lecithin mixture in proportion of 75/25 (SOL1), 50/50 (SOL2) and 2% lecithin (SL). At the end of the trial (42 d), birds in SOL1 group grew faster (p<0.05) and had better feed conversion efficiency (p<0.05) than other groups while SL group had the lowest performance (p<0.05). The utilization of ether extract was improved in SOL1 group (p<0.05) but apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and utilization of other nutrients decreased in SOL2 and SL group from 19 to 21 d. No significant effects were observed in apparent metabolizable energy, dry matter, crude protein and ether extract but the utilization of calcium and phosphorus was significantly improved in SL group (p<0.05) during 39 to 42 d. The birds fed with lecithin had lower serum total cholesterol and triglyceride than the control group (SO). Broilers fed with 2% lecithin (SL) had the highest insulin level (p<0.05). The results implied that soy-lecithin and soy-oil in a proportion of 25:75 had the highest growth performance and that soy-lecithin had cholesterol lowering capacity.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.211-219
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• 2016

To develop an ash separator for the solid fuel chemical looping combustion system, effects of operating variables such as solid injection nozzle velocity, diameter of solid injection nozzle, gap between solid injection line and vent line, vent line inside diameter, and solid intake height on solid separation rate and solid separation efficiency were measured and discussed using heavy and coarse particle and light and fine particles mixture as bed material in an acrylic fluidized bed apparatus. The solid separation rate increased as the solid injection nozzle velocity and the diameter of solid injection nozzle increased. However, the solid separation rate decreased as the gap between solid injection line and vent line, the vent line inside diameter, and the solid intake height increased. The solid separation efficiency was in inverse proportion to the solid separation rate. In this study, we could get high solid separation rate up to 2.39 kg/hr with 91.6% of solid separation efficiency.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.457-463
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• 2016

The goal of this work was to investigate the correlations between MyHC mRNA transcription and their corresponding protein expressions in porcine longissimus muscle (LM) during postnatal growth of pigs. Five DLY ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$) crossbred pigs were selected, slaughtered and sampled at postnatal 7, 30, 60, 120, and 180 days, respectively. Each muscle was subjected to quantity MyHCs protein contents through an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), to quantity myosin heavy-chains (MyHCs) mRNA abundances using real-time polymerase chain reaction. We calculated the proportion (%) of each MyHC to total of four MyHC for two levels, respectively. Moreover, the activities of several key energy metabolism enzymes were determined in LM. The result showed that mRNA transcription and protein expression of MyHC I, IIa, IIx and IIb in LM all presented some obvious changes with postnatal aging of pigs, especially at the early stage after birth, and their mRNA transcriptions were easy to be influenced than their protein expressions. The relative proportion of each MyHC mRNA was significantly positively related to that of its corresponding protein (p<0.01), and MyHC I mRNA proportion was positively correlated with creatine kinase (CK), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities (p<0.05). These data suggested that MyHC mRNA transcription can be used to reflect MyHC expression, metabolism property and adaptive plasticity of porcine skeletal muscles, and MyHC mRNA composition could be a molecular index reflecting muscle fiber type characteristics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.217-233
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• 1998

Milk yield and its composition is governed by level of nutrition and the composition of diet. Higher concentrate input improves milk yield, whereas its input at moderate levels improves yield of milk fat. High level of dietary protein improves dry matter intake and milk production, however, CP content above 14% has less advantage. Milk yield is enhanced by the feeding of cottonseed and soyabean meal, whereas milk fat increases by the supplementation of cottonseed. Dietary fat increases energy intake, production of milk and milk fat. Quality and quantity of feeds consumed affect fermentation patterns in rumen. Among the rumen metabolites, volatile fatty acids (VFA) content and propionate proportion have been related positively with milk yield, whereas proportion of acetate and butyrate have been related positively with milk fat content. Dietary carbohydrates through the source of sugar, starch, roughage and fibre affect VFA concentration in rumen. Therefore, concentration of volatile fatty acids could be altered to the advantage of consumer through judicious manipulation of diet.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2012

Sub-bituminous coals have been used increasingly in coal-fired power plants with a proportion of over 50% in the blend with bituminous coals. As a result, the unburned material in fly ash has increased and is causing problems in utilizing the fly ash as an additive for concrete production. In this study, analysis of fly ash obtained from a 500 MWe power plant was carried out and unburned material in the fly ash found to be soot. The coals used in the plant were analyzed with CPD model to investigate the sooting potential depending on the coal type and blending ratio.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.256-272
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• 2017

The purpose of this research is to study and learn more features how this type of distribution for communication in $6^{th}$ grade first semester elementary science and mathematics according to communicative expression by 2009 revised curriculum. For this study, based on an analysis standard presented in previous research on the types of communication. The results of this research are as follows. First, because the mathematics presents the number of ways to communicate twice more than science, mathematics go through with much more problems to solve than science. Second, in mathematics, spoken method and written method have similar proportion, less in physical activity method. Third, Science showed balanced proportion among four areas; earth, life, energy, and material. On the other hand, mathematics only showed small numbers in the area of geometry but similar numbers in number and operations, regularity, measurement. Fourth, there is no common feature or relevance about communicative approach for convergence thinking in 2009 revised curriculum, it seems that it doesn't consider it as a revised.