• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.17-29
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• 2003

This study was initiated to develop a methodology for devising Korean virtual models for apparel shopping at internet shopping site. The data base for this study was the Korean National Anthropometric Survey in 1997. The subjects were 493 women and 626 men in 20's. The researchers also measured 88 males and females in age 20's to suggest back and front depth proportions which are not available from the survey. The virtual models' figure types were classified by the heights, drop value and bust(chest) girth. It was evaluated whether it is needed to separate figure type with bust(chest) girth. The body sizes of virtual models were suggested for side view model and front view model in 13cm height. Four female virtual models were suggested for front view and side view. Eight male virtual models were suggested for front view and side view. Each virtual model's height, breadth and depth proportions were calculated. Shoulder breadth. Bust(chest) breadth, waist breadth, hip breadth and proportions were calculated for front view model. The bust(chest) depth, waist depth, abdomen depth, hip depth and proportions were calculated for side view model. Height proportions were suggested for female and male virtual models.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 1998

Thirty two Omani sheep with eight animals each of; intact males (INT), males castrated with rubber rings immediately after birth (RR), males castrated with a burdizzo at 8 weeks of age (BC) and intact females (IF) were fed ad libitum a concentrate diet (CP 16%) plus chopped Rhodesgrass hay (8% CP) from weaning until slaughter at 28 kg. INT lambs grew faster from 9 to 20 weeks of age (p < 0.05) thus they were significantly heavier at 20 weeks of age than BC and IF, but not RR lambs. INT consumed more total feed than other sex groups over the period from 9 to 20 weeks of age. There were no significant differences between lambs of all experimental groups in feed per gain ratio. INT lambs had lower (p < 0.01) dressing percentage (DP) than RR, BC and IF. As a percentage in the empty body weight (EBW), INT had higher proportions of head, feet, empty gut (p < 0.001), liver (p < 0.05) and genitals (p < 0.05) but lower proportions of lungs and trachea (p < 0.05) than BC and IF lambs. INT males had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) proportion of bone than RR and IF lambs but lower (p < 0.05) proportion of fat than RR and IF. As a percentage in EBW, IF had the highest protortion (p < 0.001) of total body fat (TBF) followed by BC and RR whereas INT males had the lowest proportion. There was a general trend of IF having the highest proportion of individual and total non-carcass fat (TNCF) and total carcass fat (TCF) followed by BC and RR lambs whereas INT lambs had the lowest protortions of individual carcass and non-carcass fat depots. There were only few sex or castration effects on carcass tissue distribution. IF had higher proportions of intermuscular fat in the chuck, plate, leg and flank than INT and BC. The current study demonstrated that castration of intensively-raised male Omani native sheep especially at weaning using a burdizzo retarded growth rate and reduced carcass quality by increasing fat content.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.219-231
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to collect basic data on the prevention of and education about diabetes mellitus for the nutritional management of a diabetes mellitus risk group. The study which took place in Kangbukgu, Seoul, involved a diabetes mellitus risk group (DMR $\geq$ 110 mg/dL, 61), of males and females, aged 36 to 68 years, and a group of healthy people as a control group ( < 110 mg/dL, 183), using luting blood sugar (FBS) levels. The proportion of people in the abnormal range was higher in the DMR than that of control group for total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-C), total protein, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and creatinine. Particularly with respect to serum protein the proportion in the DMR in abnormal range (p < 0.05) was significantly higher than that of the control group. The proportion in the DMR with a family history of disease was significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.01). Using body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and relative body weight (RBW), the obesity indices in the DMR was higher than that of the control group. Comparing the DMR and the control group with respect to dietary habits, it seems that the DMR had more undesirable dietary habits than the control group. When the intake of each nutrient for the DMR and the control group was compared to the Korean recommended dietary allowances (RDA), the proportion of excess intake and deficient intake in the DMR was higher than that of the control group. The DMR showed a greater undesirable dietary intake pattern as compared to that of the control group, based on the RDA. With respect to the dietary diversity score (DDS) and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) for quality estimation of the overall flood intake, the DMR showed a feater undesirable pattern than the control group. According to the above results, the DMR tended to have more undesirable eating habits when compared to the control group. Therefore, to provide a more efficient nutritional education program for the DMR we must conduct lurker studies on eating habits, so as to provide systematic nutritional management based on theme differences between the DMR and the control group.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.624-632
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• 2000

Nutrition related factors were investigated in one hundred and two hypertensive patients(Male : 44, female : 58) before they started drug treatment or diet therapy. The mean age of men and women were 49.9 and 53.5, respectively. Among the men, their mean SBP and DBP were 165.8 mmHg/108.4 mmHg. Fifty six point eight percent of men was classified as having in stage 3 hypertension(SBP $\geq$ 180 mmHg, or DBP $\geq$ 110 mmHg) and 45.5% was classified as having low renin hypertension (serum renin < 2.5 ng/ml/h). The proportion of overweight or obesity assessed by BMI($\geq$ 25) or body fat percent( $\geq$ 21%) was 47.7% or 80.9%, respectively. Men showed 19.1% of hypertriglyceridemia(serum TG $\geq$ 200 mg/dl), 42.6% of hypercholesterolemia(serum cholesterol $\geq$ 220 mg/dl), and 17.0% was observed as having serum cholesterol higher than 240 mg/dl. The proportion of men with high risk of cardiovascular disease was 72.3% assessed by atherogenic index( $\geq$3.4). The prevalence of drinking was 86.4% including a daily drinking proportion of 15.8%. Among women, their mean SBP and DBP were 162.6 mmHg/104.3 mmHg. Less women(43.1%) were classified as having stage 3 hypertension and more women were observed in low renin hypertension(55.1%). The prevalence of obesity or overweight assessed by BMI( $\geq$ 25) was 31.0% and 76.3% with body At percent($\geq$28%). Women revealed 24.1% of hypertriglyceridemia and 36.2% of hypercholesterolemia. The proportion of women who showed high risk of cardiovascular disease(atherogenic index $\geq$ 3.4) was 63.8%. The smoking rate was 8.6% and drinking rate was 43.1%.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.53-67
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• 1982

Physical measurements of 181 Korean elderly women, aged 60 through 79, living in the Seoul area, were taken in 1981 in order to analyze their body types and to study clothing construction according to their body types. The study was composed of 117 items in all; 35 items in measurements, 1 items in Rohrer index, 68 items in physical index to stature and bust girth, and 14 items in proportion, Coefficients of correlation among body dimensions were used. The results from this analysis are as follows: 1) The most significant changes in body dimensions in advanced age were the decrease of bust height and the increase of both abdomen girth and waist girth. 2) Distinct physical changes did not appear until advanced senescence(70~79 years of age). 3) In the three somatotype groups(thin, average, and plump) categorized by their Rohrer index, the dimensions that remained unchanged in senescence were back waist length and front waist length ; the dimensions that varied most significantly in senescence were the waist measurements. 4) As a result of the analysis of coefficients of correlation among the body dimensions of the 3 figure groups categorized by the Rohrer index, the fundamental dimensions for establishing the size of ready-to-wear garments of elderly women were the stature, bust girth and center back length in upper garments. 5) The result of the analysis of physical index and proportion of the 3 figure groups showed that the more plump a figure might be, the ratio of depth to width measurements increased; the back waist height was higher and trunk enlarged. 6) The 9 figure categorized by their Rohrer index and stature showed that the percentage of women in the category of“normal figure”decreased more in advanced senescence than during early senescence. 7) An analysis of variation of the 9 figure groups, the stature and other items for a short and thin figure were the smallest, and for a tall and plump figure, the largest.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.923-936
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• 2012

Apparel companies define their target customers to integrate consumers' needs into their product development processes. The sizing standards play a significant role in ready-to-wear garment business. Consumers' body build and sizes are different according to gender, age, and body type. The consumers' morphological feature of the one geographical area has changed with immigration, aging, and lifestyle change. In this study the way of defining body types in the standard garment sizing systems published in USA., UK, Germany, Japan, and Korea were compared. The results of this study show that most of the systems classified the body types by the index value. The chest-waist drop value was used for men's body type classification. Women's body types were defined by hip proportion. The hip-bust drop value was used for it. German and European garment sizing systems provide a wide range of men's body types. US men's garment sizes are developed for very conservative body type. US women's garment sizing system has had clearly defined women's body types. The Misses body types projected in the US garment sizing system had changed as women's waist girth got bigger compared to the past. In 2011 the US Misses sizes were divided into Curvy Misses size and Straight Misses size by the hip-waist drop value. The Curvy Misses sizes have smaller waist girth and larger hip girth than the Straight Misses sizes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1253-1261
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• 2009

The paper-folding effect of origami signifies a planarization of the body which questions the three dimensional construction of the body in a more conventional clothing system. Un-structured, variable space posited between the body and clothes, and an absence of gender identification characterizes the planarization of the body. Origami inspiration in fashion stresses a will-to-form rather than mere bodily proportion and structure, which explores a trans-extensity that goes beyond the boundary of the body. This study inquires on the influence of origami as a method to create new vestmental space in contemporary fashion. The flat-plane clothes of origami-inspired design are no longer cut to the body and the clothes could be altered by the wearer. The space is introduced in between a three-dimensional dress-body and the body. Origami-inspired design in Japanese avant-garde fashion deconstructs the convention and promotes a symbiosis of body and clothing instead. The shape of the body is completely estranged by three-dimensional sculptures, alluding to the paper folds of origami and the movement of the body that are transmitted to the clothing through fine folding that transform into an unexpected event.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.140-146
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• 2009

In this study, the ideal human body of adult woman is to express, and the body dimension of the woman model is produced and compared in doll model with the bodily dimension by presenting the body pattern to produce the dolls with the ideal body proportion visually. For the research process, by collecting, comparing and analyzing the body pattern of the currently used embroidery fashion doll, the pattern of body suit that displays the body of women is designed with the size of model with the height of 168cm. This is scaled for 1/4 of its entirety to make the doll of around 40cm and produced the research doll with two revisions. When compared with the ratio of each part of the body for the height of the produced research doll with the bodily ration of the major ratio of the height of the standard bodily size of Size Korea 2004, the ratio of the category of the height is almost consistent, and the width category is shown approximately 80~85%, waist for 75%, thickness category for approximately 90% as the ideal ratio.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1952-1966
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• 1994

The body segment parameters of twelve young male Korean were measured to compare with the results of foreign cadaver studies. A human body was assumed to have fourteen body segments. The mass of each segment was measured with a water immersion test and the mass center of a segment was determined on the balance platform by changing postures. In the case of Korean, because of the difference in body proportion, the mass center of whole-body is located further from the distal end of head(Korean : 44.9% vs. Caucasian : 41.2%), and the mass center of each segment also located in different proportional locations. The existing regression equations, which can estimate segment mass based upon the anthropometric dimensions, estimates segment mass (the mass of shank) for Korean with 13% error. Therefore, it is not recommended to estimate the mass, and the moment of inertia of body segment of Korean based on the existing equations. However, the density information of body constituents was similar enough to apply it to Korean density. It was validated by the comparison between the results of the direct immersion method and 3-dimensional volume reconstruction of segment form the cross sectional images of CT-scan. The average body density measured form twelve subjects was $1.035{\;}kg/m^3$ and showed deceasing trendency.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.501-517
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• 2011

This study investigates the concept of the body in Korean traditional costume by comparing the traditional costumes of the west and those of Korea while focusing on the relationship between the body and dress. In order to make a comparison of the traditional perspectives on the body in western and Korean costumes, this study examines the literature of history, art, medicine, philosophy as well as dress from the mid-fourteenth century to the nineteenth century pertaining to the west and those of the Joseon Dynasty Korea. Western dress assumes apparent formal structures and pursues overall harmony via the completeness of its entities, while traditional Korean dress subordinates the parts to the whole, emphasizing the organic total. Whereas the proportion of bodily structure is stressed in western traditional costume, in Korean costume the body is perceived as a whole. By revealing the body through the three dimensionalities of dress, the focus on the erogenous body parts is shifting in conventional western dress according to changes in aesthetic consciousness, which reflects the western ideas of objectiveness and self-centeredness. In traditional Korean dress, in the space between the body and dress, the emphasis is on planarization of the dress, which assumes the oriental relationship-centeredness concept.