• Toxicological Research
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2016

Although propolis is one of the most popular functional foods for human health, there have been no comprehensive studies of herb-drug interactions through cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibitory effects of propolis on the activities of CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4 using pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs). Propolis inhibited CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP2C19 with an $IC_{50}$ value of 6.9, 16.8, and $43.1{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, whereas CYP2A6, 2B6, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 were unaffected. Based on half-maximal inhibitory concentration shifts between microsomes incubated with and without nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, propolis-induced CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP2E1 inhibition was metabolism-independent. To evaluate the interaction potential between propolis and therapeutic drugs, the effects of propolis on metabolism of duloxetine, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, were determined in HLMs. CYP1A2 and CYP2D6 are involved in hydroxylation of duloxetine to 4-hydroxy duloxetine, the major metabolite, which was decreased following propolis addition in HLMs. These results raise the possibility of interactions between propolis and therapeutic drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1606-1615
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• 2022

Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the potential effects of dietary supplemented propolis in two growing rabbit breeds on growth performance, immune response, blood parameters, carcass characteristics, and cecal microflora composition. Methods: A total of 90 growing rabbits aged 6 weeks from two breeds (V-line and Jabali) were randomly allocated to 3 dietary propolis experimental treatments. The experimental treatments consisted of a 2×3 factorial arrangement with two rabbit breeds and three levels of dietary propolis supplementation (0, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg). Each sub-treatment has 15 rabbits. The experimental period lasted six weeks. Results: There were no significant differences in growth performance and carcass characteristics due to propolis administration. Propolis supplementation at a high level significantly increased (linear; p<0.05) cellular-mediated immunity compared with the unsupplemented group. Furthermore, the rabbits receiving propolis exhibited a significant increase (linear and quadratic; p<0.03) in IgM immunoglobulins compared to the control. The current study provides further evidence that the dietary inclusion of propolis can significantly reduce pathogenic bacterial colonization in growing rabbits. The total count of microflora, E. coli, and Salmonella spp. was significantly lower (linear; p<0.01) in supplemented rabbit groups compared to the control group according to the microbiological analysis of cecal digesta. Based on breed effect, the results indicated that Jabali rabbits (local) performed better than V-line rabbits (foreign) in the majority of the studied traits. Conclusion: Dietary propolis is promising for further investigation into improving intestinal health and enhancing immunity in growing rabbits.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.686-697
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• 2021

프로폴리스는 꿀벌에 의해 생산된 수지 물질로 벌집을 보호하기 위해 사용되어 왔다. 꿀벌은 다양한 나무와 식물에서 배출된 수분을 침과 밀랍과 섞어서 프로폴리스를 생산한다. 프로폴리스는 기원전 300년경부터 상처를 치료하는 민간요법으로 사용되어 왔다. 프로폴리스에는 플라보노이드, 페놀계 화합물, 밀랍과 같은 많은 생리 활성 화합물이 포함되어 있다. 프로폴리스의 기능적 요소들 때문에, 프로폴리스에는 생물학적 응용을 위한 넓은 스펙트럼이 있다. 프로폴리스와 프로폴리스의 생물학적 활동의 화합물은 각각 과즙의 출처와 추출 방법에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 프로폴리스의 박테리아, 바이러스, 곰팡이를 포함한 반미생물 활동이 가장 잘 알려진 특징이다. 면역조절 메커니즘의 경우 아르테필린 C와 카페인산 페네틸에스테르가 주로 조절 화합물로 확인되었으며 각 화합물은 염증 반응을 감소시키고 T 림프구에 면역억제 반응을 일으킨다. 프로폴리스는 항염증 효과를 통해 암세포 증식 억제, 종양 신호 전달 캐스케이드 차단, 항혈관신생 등 항종양 활성을 보였다. 그러나 프로폴리스의 더 많은 응용을 위해서는 과즙의 원천 분석, 프로폴리스 화합물의 식별, 프로폴리스 분자 메커니즘, 화합물 시너지 효과의 조사가 더 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.193-197
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• 2009

We report an evaluation of the immunostimulatory effect of propolis volatiles from a stingless honeybee. We studied 34 elderly residents at a special nursing home. Twenty-one subjects were treated with propolis, 8 with $Binch\hat{o}$ charcoal and 5 subjects acted as controls. Subjects treated with either propolis or Bincho charcoal were housed in rooms separated from the other non-study residents in the nursing home. The effects of each treatment on natural killer (NK) cell activity and lymphocyte levels were examined after 2 months and then for a longer period. The results indicated that NK cell activity was significantly improved to that within the normal range only after propolis treatment.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.191-194
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of Australia propolis against cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria. Antimicrobial activity was determined by evaluating the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). Cell cytotoxicity of propolis extract on normal human gingival fibroblast (HGF-1) cells was observed using the methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. The data indicated that, with the exception of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (KCOM 1306), the MBC values of the propolis strains were 0.25-1% without HGF-1 cell cytotoxicity. These results suggest that propolis can be used to develop oral hygiene products for the prevention of oral infectious disease.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.54-57
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• 2000

This study was designed to observe the anticancer activity of propolis on human rectal (HRT-18) and human colon (HCT-48) cancer cell lines in vitro, and on sarcoma-180 cells in vitro. The proliferation of HRT-18 and HCT-48 cancer cell lines was potently inhibited in proportion to the concentration of propolis. The survival time of the mice inoculated with sarcoma-180 cells was increased modestly by the administration of propolis compared to the control. Those observations suggest that propolis has anticancer effects against some of the cancer cell lines in vitro and in in vitro.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.18-23
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• 2018

Propolis has been used as a natural remedy in folk medicine worldwide. The antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiprotozoal aspects of its antimicrobial properties have been widely investigated. However, few studies focused on its applications in dentistry. Many dental diseases are related to various microorganisms in the oral cavity. In this study, we assessed the antimicrobial activity of Korean propolis extract, collected from 6 different regions, on oral pathogenic microorganisms. The propolis samples, collected from 6 different regions (P1: Uijeongbu, P2: Ansan, P3: Hongcheon, P4: Iksan, P5: Gwangju, and P6: Sangju), were dissolved in ethanol at two different concentrations (10 and 50 mg/ml). Three oral bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis) and one fungus (Candida albicans) were activated in general broth for 24 hours. Microorganisms were diluted and spread onto agar plates, onto which sterilized 6 mm filter papers with or without each propolis sample were placed. After 24 hours of incubation, clear zones of inhibition were observed. All tests were performed in triplicate. The propolis samples showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activity on oral pathogenic microorganisms; in addition, low-concentration groups showed outstanding antimicrobial efficacy on the 4 different microorganisms. Among the samples, P6 had significantly higher antibacterial activity than that of the others against three different bacteria. In particular, a high concentration of P6 showed a significant antifungal effect. In conclusion, we confirmed that Korean propolis has an inhibitory effect on oral pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Therefore, we suggest the possibility of developing oral medicine and oral care products based on Korean propolis.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.253-262
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• 2016

Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is one of the most important bacteria in the formation of dental plaque and dental caries. S. mutans adheres to an acquired pellicle formed on the tooth surface, and aggregates with many oral bacteria. It initiates plaque formation by synthesizing glucan from sucrose, which is catalyzed by glucosyltransferases. Propolis is a resinous mixture produced by honeybees, by mixing saliva and beeswax with secretions gathered from wood sap and flower pollen. Bees prevent pathogenic invasions by coating the propolis to the outer and inner surface of the honeycomb. Propolis has traditionally been used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, asthma and dermatitis. We investigated the inhibitory effects of propolis ethanol extract on biofilm formation and gene expression of S. mutans. The biofilm formation of S. mutans was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and safranin staining. We observed that the extract of propolis had an inhibitory effect on the formation of S. mutans biofilms at concentrations higher than 0.2 mg/ml. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the gene expression of biofilm formation, such as gbpB, spaP, brpA, relA and vicR of S. mutans, was significantly decreased in a dose dependent manner. The ethanol extract of propolis showed concentration dependent growth inhibition of S. mutans, and significant inhibition of acid production at concentrations of 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/ml, compared to the control group. These results suggest that the ethanol extract of propolis inhibits gene expression related to biofilm formation in S. mutans.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.383-388
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• 2001

본 연구는 국내산 프로폴리스의 화학적 특성을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 위한 기초 자료를 얻고자 실시하였다. 예천과 영월 프로폴리스의 수분, 조단백질, 조지방, 화분, 그리고 탄수화물의 함량은 각각 3.25와 3.97, 9.82와 7.04, 48.25와 50.7, 3.91과 5.89, 그리고 34.77과 32.4%였다. 미네랄에서 Se은 검출이 되지 않았으며, P, Ca 및 Cu은 영월 프로폴리스가 184.15, 128.32, 1.77ppm으로 가장 높았으며, 예천산은 1130.6ppm, 그리고 영월산은 1049.1ppm이었다. 지방산 중 linoleic acid와 linolenic acid는 예천 프로폴리스가 47.6 및 70.0mg/100g이었으며, 영월 프로폴리스는 37.3과 47.0mg/100g이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion of propolis extraction residue in the feed of broilers from 1 to 21 d of age on phagocytic activity of macrophages, cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response to phytohemagglutinin, antibody production against Newcastle disease, lymphoid organ weight and hematological profile and to determine the optimal level of inclusion. 120 chicks, reared in metabolism cages until 21 days of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of propolis residue) and six replications. The relative weight of thymus and monocyte percentage were affected by propolis residue, with a quadratic response (p<0.05) and lowest values estimated at 2.38% and 2.49%, respectively. Changes in relative weight of cloacal bursa and spleen, percentage of lymphocyte, heterophil, basophil, eosinophil, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, antibody production against Newcastle disease, phagocytic activity of macrophages and the average number of phagocytosed erythrocytes were not observed. The nitric oxide production with regard to positive control (macrophages+erythrocytes) decreased linearly (p<0.05) with increased doses of propolis residue. The remaining variables of nitric oxide production (negative control - macrophages, and difference between the controls) were not affected by propolis residue. The cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response to phytohemagglutinin as determined by the increase in interdigital skin thickness exhibited a quadratic response (p<0.05), which predicted a lower reaction response at a dose of 2.60% of propolis residue and highest reaction response after 43.05 hours of phytohemagglutinin injection. The inclusion of 1% to 4% of propolis extraction residue in broiler diets from 1 to 21 days of age was not able to improve the immune parameters, despite the modest changes in the relative weight in thymus, blood monocyte percentage, nitric oxide concentration, and interdigital reaction to phytohemagglutinin.