• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1042-1045
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• 2009

A commercial propolis was investigated in terms of its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative activities. The contents of total phenol and flavonoid of propolis were 8.3 and 6.6 mg, respectively. The reducing power of the propolis increased with concentration increasing. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was shown at 82.70% in 1,000 ${\mu}g/mL$ of the propolis. 2,2'-Azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging effect of antioxidant activity on the propolis was 35.64 g/sample. The propolis showed high antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus at all concentration of propolis. All of the cancer cell lines have 53-73% as effective growth inhibition. These results showed that the commercial propolis has potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cancer cell proliferative inhibition activities thus, propolis can be applied to the functional food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industry.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.175-179
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• 2012

It is desirable that a wound healing membrane acts as a barrier for coverage of a damaged skin and has the biological activities such as anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we prepared the hydrogel film containing the propolis nanoparticles as a wound healing membrane. The propolis nanoparticles were prepared by incorporation of propolis into the hydrophobic core of ${\gamma}$-cyclodextrin. The incorporation efficiency of propolis in the nanoparticles was $50{\pm}2.3%$. Propolis nanoparticles observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) were spherical with the size of 30~40 nm. The swelling behaviors of the hydrogel film containing propolis nanoparticles showed a similar pattern with the hydrogel film without propolis nanoparticles. The cumulative amount of propolis released from the hydrogel film containing propolis nanoparticles in the buffer of pH 7.4 and 5.5 was $86.0{\pm}2.0%$ and $64.6{\pm}1.0%$ of total propolis loaded in the hydrogel film within 9 h, respectively. These results provide a rationale for studying wound healing application of the hydrogel film containing propolis nanoparticles in a clinical setting.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2014

Propolis is a beehive product with a very complex chemical composition, widely used in folk medicine because of its several therapeutic activities. This study was conducted to measure the efficacy of propolis on non-specific defense reactions, specific immune response, and protection levels against pathogen challenge with Streptococcus iniae. in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the phagocytic activity and NBT assay of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were evaluated in a various propolis extractsconcentrations (0, 10, 50, 100, 150, 250 and $500{\mu}g/ml$). The optimal concentration showing activation of propolis extracts was determined to $100{\mu}g/ml$. In vivo, they were divided into four groups (PBS, propoli extractss, vaccine, propolis extracts + vaccine) in vivo. Fish were received i.p. injection of either PBS or propolis extracts, and in the presence or absence of formalin inactivated S. iniae ($1{\times}10^8$ CFU/fish), respectively. The level of haematocrit is not affected among experimental groups. The phagocytic activity and the NBT reduction activities of head kidney phagocyte were markedly (p<0.05)augmented in the propolis extracts groups than in the PBS-control group, respectively. The level of serum lysozyme activity was significantly (p<0.05) increased in the propolis extracts treated groups than in the PBS-control group. The agglutinin titer was significantly (p<0.05) enhanced in the vaccine+propolis extracts group than in the vaccine group, but there was no difference between PBS-control and propolis treated group. The results of the present study suggest that propolis extracts seems to be a promising compounds of non-specific immune stimulator, also being able to use a good adjuvant.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.345-351
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• 2016

Propolis is a resinous material collected by honeybees from several plant sources. This research aimed at showing its protective effect against UVA-induced apoptosis of human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Using Hoechst staining, it was demonstrated that propolis (5 and $10{\mu}g/mL$) significantly inhibited the apoptosis of HaCaT cells induced by UVA-irradiation. Propolis also showed the protective effect against loss of mitochondrial membrane potential induced by UVA-irradiaiton in HaCaT cells. Propolis also inhibited the expression of activated caspase-3 induced by UVA-irradiation. To investigate the role of ROS in UVA-induced apoptosis and protection by propolis, the generation of ROS was determined in cells. The results showed that the generation of ROS was markedly reduced in cells pretreated with propolis. Consequently, propolis protected human keratinocyte HaCaT cells against UVA-induced apoptosis, which might be related to the reduction of ROS generation by UVA-irradiation.

• Mycobiology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.93-95
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• 2002

The antifungal activities of propolis on Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans were evaluated. In microbroth culture assay, the MIC(minimum inhibitory concentration) of propolis for C. neoformans and C. albicans were 2 and 16 mg/ml, respectively. In propolis-included solid medium assay, the MIC of propolis for C. neoformans and C. albicans were 4 and 16 mg/ml, respectively. Propolis showed fungicidal activity against C. neoformans, whereas propolis possesed fungistatic activity against C. albicans. The MFC(minimum fungicidal concentration) for C. neoformans was 8 mg/ml. Cell morphology of C. neoformans was affected by treatment of propolis. In scanning electron microscope, the appearance of cell rupture was observed.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.391-394
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• 2017

Propolis is made by bees collecting protective material or essence of plants and mixing with saliva and enzymes produced by the salivary glands. It is used to repair the inside of the honeycomb, keep it sterile, and adjust the temperature and humidity. Propolis is a natural antibiotic substance that it is used to make a clean room by coating the cell before the queen bee lay eggs, and preventing the bacteria from invading by using with wax when sealing the nursery room. Propolis extract is a health functional food with antioxidant and oral antimicrobial effects. In order to use propolis in food, its active ingredients are extracted with ethanol. Water-soluble propolis was prepared by mixing and stirring honey and ethanol extracted propolis (EEP) solution. When 1kg of honey and 100ml of ethanol extracted propolis solution were mixed and stirred, the total flavonoid content of water-soluble propolis was $6.6{\pm}1.1mg/10g$, and the free radical scavenging effects of water-soluble propolis were 54 to 74%.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.457-464
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• 2005

The optimal concentration of ethanol to separate a high quantity of propolis was $60\%$ but that for the best flavonoids extraction was $80\%$ We compared the yields of propolis from different countries. In this study we used $60\%$ ethanol concentration as a standard. The yield of propolis was proportional to the contents of flavonoids. Namely, Polish propolis which showed the highest yield with $56\%$ by the extraction with $60\%$ ethanol revealed also the highest flavonoids content with $3.49\%$ among all the samples tested The major constituents of propolis differed from country to country. It has been suggested that the different geographical origin influenced the efficacy and the constituents of propolis. Antibacterial activity of ethanol extracted propolis from different countries was tested against 6 microbial strains of type cultures including Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae) and Gram- negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris and E coli) in vitro. Propolis extract showed anti-microbial activity against all the tested bacterial strains. In addition, propolis was sensitive to E coli which was resistant to broad spectrum antibiotics like ampicillin. These results showed that propolis may substituted for commercial antibiotics. The efficiency of anti-microbial activity of the propolis was slightly higher in $80\%$ than $97\%$ ethanol extract.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.356-360
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• 1999

Effect of propolis treatment on the quality of dried squid were investigated. Dried squid containing 29% of moisture content were prepared and treated with 0.25% and 0.5% of propolis. Its total microbial count, TBA value and browning degree were assayed during 30 days. Total microbial count of dried squid treated with propolis were $72{\sim}80\;cells/g$, compared with control showing 25,000 cells/g. TBA values of dried squid were by $0.1{\sim}0.2$ lower than control. Browning degree was not different between treatment and control, but browning degree of propolis treatment showed lower than control through colorimetric analysis. These results suggested that quality of dried squid containing higher moisture could be improved by propolis treatment.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.389-394
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the flavonoid contents of Korean propolis. The total flavonoids content measured by spectrophotometer of Yecheon, Youngwol, Brazilian, Chinese. Aus- tralian propolis were 6.33, 6.43, 2.44, 6.52 and 8.11mg/g. The p-coumaric acid content of Yecheon and Youngwol propolis were 5.58 and 6.84mg/100g, respectively. Luteolin, however, was not detected both in Yecheon and Youngwol, respectively. the quercetin content of Yecheon and Youngwol propolis revealed between 0.41 to 0.53%, however, overseas propolis was not detected. The t-cinnamic acid of Brazilian propolis was 7.92% and Chinese propolis was 8.74%. And than, the t-cinnamic acid of Chinese propolis was not detected.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6991-6995
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• 2013

Antioxidant activity, total phenolic, total flavonoid compounds and cytotoxicity to cancer cell lines of propolis extracts from two extraction methods were investigated in this study. Propolis was collected from Phayao province and extracted with 70% ethanol using maceration and sonication techniques. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were also determined. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of propolis was evaluated using MTT assay. The percentage propolis yield after extraction using maceration (18.1%) was higher than using sonication (15.7%). Nevertheless, antioxidant and flavonoid compounds of the sonication propolis extract were significant greater than using maceration. Propolis extract from sonication showed antioxidant activity by $3.30{\pm}0.15$ mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract. Total phenolic compound was $18.3{\pm}3.30$ mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract and flavonoid compound was $20.49{\pm}0.62$ mg quercetin/g extract. Additionally, propolis extracts from two extraction methods demonstrated the inhibitory effect on proliferation of A549 and HeLa cancer cell lines at 24, 48 and 72 hours in a dose-dependent manner. These results are of interest for the selection of the most appropriate method for preparation of propolis extracts as potential antioxidant and anticancer agents.