• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.49-49
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• 2014

South Korea is covered primarily by temperate vegetation; therefore, foliicolous lichens may not be expected to play an important role in its lichen flora. Indeed, more than 100 years after the first lichen record from South Korea reported by Hue, the paper "Pyrenocarpous lichens in Korea" published by Moon and Aptroot, reported on the presence of two foliicolous lichens, Strigula nemathora Mont, and S. smaragdula Fr., for the first time in South Korea. No detailed reports on foliicolous lichens have since been published in South Korea. In Japan, the neighboring country, approximately 83 foliicolous lichen species are distributed at the southernmost part under temperate to subtropical climatic conditions. However, a large number of foliicolous lichens, with many recent records, have been reported in neighboring countries like China and Taiwan. According to Thor et al., studies on foliicolous lichen flora of Asia are comparatively poor compared to those reported from America. There are six lichenogeographical regions: the Neotropics, Valdivia, Tethyan, African Paleotropics, eastern Paleotropics, and Neozelandic-Tasmanian, which are demarcated based on the known worldwide distribution pattern of foliicolous lichen flora. South Korea belongs to the eastern paleotropic region, where a higher number of local endemic foliicolous lichens have been reported. So far, there are a total of six known foliicolous lichen taxa from South Korea; S. concreta, S. macrocarpa, S. melanobapha, S. nemathora, S. smaragdula, and S. subelegans from Jeju Island. So far, the genus Strigula is the only known representative of the foliicolous lichen flora in South Korea. Among the recorded species, S. concreta, S. smaragdula, and S. subelegans are abundant and widespread. Japan, the closest area to Jeju Island, has the same distribution pattern of foliicolous lichens, with S. smaragdula, S. melanobapha, and S. subtilissima. Pollen studies conducted by Chung reported that changes in vegetation on Jeju Island, due mainly to deglacial warming and the influence of geographical change, resulted from sea-level rises. In general, all of the foliicolous lichens observed so far were restricted to the southernmost part of South Korea, particularly Jeju Island. Island might be influenced by its geographical setting. One reason could be the close dispersal distances of spores and vegetative propagules from areas such as the southern part of Japan and eastern part of China, where more foliicolous lichens can be found. Thor et al. also showed that the southern part of Japan harbors more foliicolous lichens than the northern part. Considering that China is close to Jeju Island, many foliicolous lichens, including S. concreta, S. macrocarpa, S. nemanthora, and S. smaragdula, have been reported from Yunnan province, the southernmost part of China. Geographically, this province is far away from Jeju Island. In other provinces, such as Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang, which are closer to Jeju Island, no foliicolous lichens have been recorded so far. Therefore, the chance of spores and propagules coming from such closer areas is questionable. Thus, the location of origin of ancestors of foliicolous lichens of South Korea and the time and means of their invasion of this island is controverisial. The current study would lead the way to finding answers to the above mentioned questions.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.165-173
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• 1986

Accumulation of Pseudomonas sp., P. fluorescens and Erwinia carotovora in 60 min treatment was greater in extracts from soil, exudate from ginseng root and solutions than distilled water. In bacterial movement toward rubber tube soil from chamber, accumulation of P. fluorescens in response to soil supplemented with soil extracts, exudate and solutions was generally greater in soil extracts compared to control and other solutions, but Pseudomonas sp. and E. carotovora were not much response to supplemented extracts, exudate and solutions. Accumulation of the bacteria in capillaries containing various exudates from fungal propagules with not attracted to the exudates. For an accumulation of bacteria in rubber tubes containing soil inoculated with fungal propagules, the Pseudomonas sp. was not attracted in soil inoculated by the organisms as attractant but P. fluorescens and E. carotovora to fungi were attracted to F. solani, F. oxysporum and mixed organism Alternaria panax did not affect on bacterial movement except E. carotovora. The organic matter conten in Kangwha and Kimpo soil were low in diseased and healthy soil. The K content was especially high in Kimpo healthy soil. Bacterial population in Goesan and Kangwha were more abundant than other soil. The number actinomycetes was populated abundant in healthy soil of Goesan and diseased soil of Poonggi.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.110-114
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• 2007

Anthracnose fungus was most pathogenic on soybean sprout, of the fungi and bacteria isolated from rotten sprout on market. Bacterial strains associated were not virulent. Dry heat (DHT) applied even as high as $65^{\circ}C$ for 30min. was not effective enough to eliminate the artificially inoculated Colletotrichum gloeosporioides propagules from seedllots. Hot water immersion treatment (HWT), at elevated temperature of $55^{\circ}C$ for 20 min, did eliminate the pathogen but reduced seed germinating and retarded sprout growth: Seed germination was practically acceptable when the seedlots were exposed to at $55^{\circ}C$ for 5 min, but about 20% anthracnose propagules survived. Accordingly, we have optimized the HWT scheme for 5 min at $60^{\circ}C$. This scheme was validated, at small to large scale production system, that surely rule out the possible carry over of the bacterial contaminant from seedlots. This result should improve the shelf-life of soybean sprout on the market.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.239-244
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• 2003

A protocol has been developed for rapid large scale clonal propagation of an aromatic endangered medicinal plant, Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. with the elimination of the problems such as premature leaf fall and callus formation during caulogenesis and rhizogenesis. Multiple shoots were induced from shoot tip and nodal explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg/L Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.5 mg/L Napthaleneaceticacid (NAA). Addition of 15 mg/L adenine sulphate to the above medium checked leaf abscission completely, reduced the time required for caulogenesis and restored morphogenetic potential after several subcultures. The in vitro grown propagules were rooted in 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L Indolebutyric acid (IBA) +1 mg/L NAA and sucrose 0.7% (w/v). Addition of charcoal at 100 mg/L to the rooting medium quickened root initiation with a complete check on callus formation. The effect of sucrose concentration on both caulogenesis and rhizogenesis was also studied. The resultant plantlets were acclimatized and grown in fields where ninety eight percent of the rooted shoots survived and grew normally. The estimation of the secondary metabolite content in the shoots of the regenerated plant and the mother plant indicated that the concentration of the three secondary metabolites lupeol, vanillin and rutin was similar.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.165-168
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• 1997

To establish the culture practices for mass propagation of Epimedium koreanum, root propagules were preserved with different methods. Bud emergence rate and number of multiple buds were the highest in root segments obtained from roots with buds which were preserved in open-burial. Plant height, leaf area, and number of new buds were the highest in root segments obtained from roots preserved with stratification.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 1985

The study was carried out to confirm the changes of soil physico-chemical properties and population of Fusarium solani by soil managements at preplanning fields for ginseng cultivation. Soil porosity and aggregation had been significantly increased during the managements while exchangeable nitrogen content and bulk density of the soil had been decreased. Available phosphate and exchangeable potassium content, in addition, seemed to be slightly increased. And soil aggregation showed positive correlation with clay, organic matter, soil moisture, and Ca content in the soil but negative with K content. Decrease rate of NH4-N and NO3-N content after soil managements were 55% and 41% in average, respectively. And better decrease effect for NH4-N was obtained in sand loam soil whereas no effect for NO3-N with soil textures. The more ploughing seemed to result in less propagules of F solani in the soil, however there was non significant decrease in population of the pathogen after the soil management. Number of F. solani in soil was significantly less in the fields where gramineous and leguminous crops had been grown as a precrop than other crops tested. Meanwhile there was no correlation between soil texture and population of the pathogen in the soil.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.152-158
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• 2003

Stromata of the white root rot fungus, Rosellinia necatrix, were produced on diseased roots although they were reported to develop rarely in nature. Forty-two (42) out of 47 samples produced synnemata while 23 developed stromata. Forty-seven (47) isolates obtained from diseased root samples were divided into 24 mycelium compatibility groups (MCGs). Sixteen (16) out of 24 MCGs produced stromata. Single ascospore isolates from 10 stroma samples produced dsRNA-containing isolates from diseased tissue beneath stromata. The frequency of synnema production on axenic culture varied among isolates with different origin. The dsRNA was not transmitted vertically to the ascospore offspring despite the infection of various dsRNA in the parental isolates. The dsRNA was absent in 35 ascospore isolates in two stroma samples that originated from the isolates, in which dsRNA was not eliminated by hyphal tip isolation. Consequently, sexual reproduction in the white root rot fungus was suggested to produce propagules as a new infection source and to have the function to eliminate infectious factors such as mycoviruses.

• ALGAE
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.305-310
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• 2006

Succession of artificial seaweed communities in an artificial iron reef at Ikata, southern Japan was studied based on monthly or bimonthly observations from February 1999 to August 2000. Communities were associated with different substrata (40 cm x 60 cm: steel, concrete, wood and stone) as the cover on artificial iron reefs (4.5 m x 4.1 m x 2.5 m, 45.38 m3 and 3.2 ton), which were placed on a sandy substratum at 8 m depth. Within one month diatoms dominated on all substrata with cover of approximately 100%. Enteromorpha intestinalis and Colpomenia sinuosa dominated on the reef within three months after the placement in the spring. Seaweed communities on the reef decreased during the summer. In the winter, the seaweeds on the reef recovered. Sargassum spp., Ecklonia kurome and Padina arborescens dominated on each substratum after one year. Seaweed communities on the artificial reef were similar to those on the rocky substratum around the artificial reef and also similar on different substrata covering the iron artificial reef. These results indicate that seaweed succession was impacted by season and the recruitment of spores and propagules from mature algae around the artificial reefs.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2002

Seasonal occurrence of strawberry anthracnose in greenhouses caused by Colletotrichum sp. was examined from 1997 through 1999 at three locations, Kyeongju, Goryeong, and Cheongdo in Kyungbuk province, Korea. Also some factors related to the anthracnose infection such as initial infection sites, inoculation methods, and soil nature were studied through in vitro and field experiments. The anthracnose disease begun to occur from 15 days after transplanting in early October, and continued but gradually decreased thereafter for 2 months until December, After transplanting, initial infection mainly occurred through the runner of which the tissue was more susceptible to the anthracnose than those of the leaf and petiole when the fungal mycelial disk was inoculated. Postplanting inoculation by irrigation with spore suspension was much more effective in inducing the anthracnose disease than preplanting soil mix. However without inoculation, no or little anthracnose occurred regardless of commercial, non-cultivated or diseased field soils when healthy seedlings were planted. This suggests that occurrence of strawberry anthracnose in fields may be related to contamination of plant propagules with the anthracnose pathogen.

• Mycobiology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 2006

A total of 34 species belonging to 21 genera of fungi were recorded on passion fruits of both pure and hybrid origin in Uganda, however, the pure type exhibited wider spectrum (28 species and 16 genera) than the hybrid type (21 & 15). Also, yeasts (unidentified and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) were also encountered in high numbers. Moreover, the mean count of all mycobiota obtained from the pure type was higher than that of hybrid, despite the bigger size of the later. Members of yeasts and Cladosporium followed by Phoma, Penicillium, Fusarium and Alternaria species dominated on passion fruits of pure origin, while only C. cladosporioides, F. solani and yeasts dominated on the hybrid type. Treatment with Na-hypochlorite exhibited inhibitory effects on the total mycobiotic propagules as well as the dominant species from fruits of both types. The current results, therefore, suggest the use of Na-hypochlorite to control the post-harvest mycobiota associated with passion fruits. Regarding the mycobiota contaminating passion juice, yeasts were found to be the major contaminants with Candida parapsilosis being the most common. Moulds constituted only a minor proportion with Acremonium strictum followed by Fusarium chlamydosporum, F. moniliforme, F. acuminatum and F. solani as the most dominant species. In the heat-treated juice samples, the counts of the most commonly encountered mycobiota (both yeasts and molds) were significantly inhibited or completely eliminated. Some unidentified Bacillus species were also recovered from the juice, however, their counts in the heated samples were increased but insignificantly.