• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.605-609
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• 1993

Active metabolites in rat bile after an intravenous injection of $[^3H]$ pteroylglutamic acid(PteGlu)were studies using high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Predominant four radioactive metabolites and parent compound PteGlu were detected on the chromatogram of HPLC with liquid scintillation counting system. These metabolites were identified as tetrahydrofolate, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and para-aminobenzoyl glutamate. The identification of active folate metabolites was based on the consistency of retention time profiles and hydrodynamic voltammograms which were obtained by HPLC with the electrochemical detection system, and characteristics of UV absorbance spectra obtained by HPLC with photodiode array detection system.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.289-295
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• 2013

Although low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been a valuable therapeutic technology in the clinic, its efficacy may be reduced in deep tissue layers due to strong light scattering which limits the photon density. In order to enhance the photon density in deep tissue layers, this study developed an optical tissue clearing (OTC) laser probe (OTCLP) system which can utilize four different OTC methods: 1) tissue temperature control from 40 to $10^{\circ}C$; 2) laser pulse frequency from 5 to 30 Hz; 3) glycerol injection at a local region; and 4) a combination of the aforementioned three methods. The efficacy of the OTC methods was evaluated and compared by investigating laser beam profiles in ex-vivo porcine skin samples. Results demonstrated that total (peak) intensity at full width at half maximum of laser beam profile when compared to control data was increased: 1) 1.21(1.39)-fold at $10^{\circ}C$; 2) 1.22 (1.49)-fold at a laser pulse frequency of 5 Hz; 3) 1.64 (2.41)-fold with 95% glycerol injection; 4) 1.86 (3.4)-fold with the combination method. In conclusion, the OTCLP system successfully improved the laser photon density in deep tissue layers and may be utilized as a useful tool in LLLT by increasing laser photon density.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 2022

Objective: This study investigated the impact of two stimulation protocols using highly purified human menopausal gonadotropin (HP-hMG) on the endocrine profile, follicular fluid soluble Fas levels, and outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles. Methods: This prospective clinical trial included 100 normal-responder women undergoing ovarian stimulation for ICSI; 55 patients received concomitant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) plus HP-hMG from the start of stimulation, while 45 patients received FSH followed by HP-hMG during mid/late follicular stimulation. The primary outcome was the number of top-quality embryos. The secondary outcomes were the number and percentage of metaphase II (MII) oocytes and the clinical pregnancy rate. Results: The number of MII oocytes was significantly higher in the concomitant protocol (median, 13.0; interquartile range [IQR], 8.5-18.0 vs. 9.0 [8.0-13.0] in the consecutive protocol; p=0.009); however, the percentage of MII oocytes and the fertilization rate were significantly higher in the consecutive protocol (median, 90.91; IQR, 80.0-100.0 vs. 83.33 [75.0-93.8]; p=0.034 and median, 86.67; IQR, 76.9-100.0 vs. 77.78 [66.7-89.9]; p=0.028, respectively). No significant between-group differences were found in top-quality embryos (p=0.693) or the clinical pregnancy rate (65.9% vs. 61.8% in the consecutive vs. concomitant protocol, respectively). The median follicular fluid soluble Fas antigen level was significantly higher in the concomitant protocol (9,731.0 pg/mL; IQR, 6,004.5-10,807.6 vs. 6,350.2 pg/mL; IQR, 4,382.4-9,418.4; p=0.021). Conclusion: Personalized controlled ovarian stimulation using HP-hMG during the late follicular phase led to a significantly lower response, but did not affect the quality of ICSI.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.47.1-47.10
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• 2021

Background: Due to multiple similarities in the structure and physiology of human and pig skin, the pig model is extremely useful for biological drug testing after subcutaneous administration. Knowledge of the differences between subcutaneous injection sites could have a significant impact on the absorption phase and pharmacokinetic profiles of biological drugs. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the impact of administration site on pharmacokinetics and selected biochemical and hematological parameters after a single subcutaneous administration of ustekinumab in pigs. Drug concentrations in blood plasma were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed based on raw data using Phoenix WinNonlin 8.1 software and ThothPro v 4.1. Methods: The study included 12 healthy, female, large white piglets. Each group received a single dose of ustekinumab given as a 1 mg/kg subcutaneous injection into the internal part of the inguinal fold or the external part of the inguinal fold. Results: The differences in absorption rate between the internal and external parts of the inguinal fold were not significant. However, the time of maximal concentration, clearance, area under the curve calculated between zero and mean residence time and mean residence time between groups were substantially different (p > 0.05). The relative bioavailability after administration of ustekinumab into the external part of the inguinal fold was 40.36% lower than after administration of ustekinumab into the internal part of the inguinal fold. Conclusions: Healthy breeding pigs are a relevant model to study the pharmacokinetic profile of subcutaneously administered ustekinumab.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 2023

With femtosecond (fs) laser pulse irradiation on metals, various types of nano- and micro-scale structures can be naturally induced at the surface through laser-matter interaction. Two notable structures are laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs) and cone/spike structures, which are known to significantly modify the optical and physical properties of metal surfaces. In this work, we irradiate fs laser pulses onto various types of metals, cold-rolled steel, pickled & oiled steel, Fe-18Cr-8Ni alloy, Zn-Mg-Al alloy coated steel, and pure Cu which can be useful for precise molding and imprinting processes, and adjust the morphological profiles of LIPSSs and cone/spike structures for clear structural coloration and a larger range of surface wettability control, respectively, by changing the fluence of laser and the speed of raster scan. The periods of LIPSSs on metals used in our experiments are nearly independent of laser fluence. Accordingly, the structural coloration of the surface with LIPSSs can be optimized with the morphological profile of LIPSSs, controlled only by the speed of the raster scan once the laser fluence is determined for each metal sample. However, different from LIPSSs, we demonstrate that the morphological profiles of the cone/spike structures, including their size, shape, and density, can be manipulated with both the laser fluence and the raster scan speed to increase a change in the contact angle. By injection molding and imprinting processes, it is expected that fs laser-induced surface structures on metals can be replicated to the plastic surfaces and potentially beneficial to control the optical and wetting properties of the surface of injection molded and imprinted products.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.127-133
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• 2014

Purpose: Low dose of PET/CT is important because of Patient's X-ray exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of low-dose PET/ CT image through the CTAC and QAC of patient study and phantom study. Materials and Methods: We used the discovery 710 PET/CT (GE). We used the NEMA IEC body phantom for evaluating the PET data corrected by ultra-low dose CT attenuation correction method and NU2-94 phantom for uniformity. After injection of 70.78 MBq and 22.2 MBq of 18 F-FDG were done to each of phantom, PET/CT scans were obtained. PET data were reconstructed by using of CTAC of which dose was for the diagnosis CT and Q. AC of which was only for attenuation correction. Quantitative analysis was performed by use of horizontal profile and vertical profile. Reference data which were corrected by CTAC were compared to PET data which was corrected by the ultra-low dose. The relative error was assessed. Patients with over weighted and normal weight also underwent a PET/CT scans according to low dose protocol and standard dose protocol. Relative error and signal to noise ratio of SUV were analyzed. Results: In the results of phantom test, phantom PET data were corrected by CTAC and Q.AC and they were compared each other. The relative error of Q.AC profile was been calculated, and it was shown in graph. In patient studies, PET data for overweight patient and normal weight patient were reconstructed by CTAC and Q.AC under routine dose and ultra-low dose. When routine dose was used, the relative error was small. When high dose was used, the result of overweight patient was effectively corrected by Q.AC. Conclusion: In phantom study, CTAC method with 80 kVp and 10 mA was resulted in bead hardening artifact. PET data corrected by ultra- low dose CTAC was not quantified, but those by the same dose were quantified properly. In patients' cases, PET data of over weighted patient could be quantified by Q.AC method. Its relative difference was not significant. Q.AC method was proper attenuation correction method when ultra-low dose was used. As a result, it is expected that Q.AC is a good method in order to reduce patient's exposure dose.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.950-958
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• 2013

The Lunar orbiter is expected to be inserted into a ~300km low Earth orbit using Korea Space Launch Vehicle-II(KSLV-II). After the states are successfully determined with obtained tracking data, the Trans Lunar Injection(TLI) burn has to be done at appropriate epoch to send the lunar orbiter to the Moon. In this study, we describe in detail the mission scenario of the Korean lunar orbiter from the launch at NARO Space Center to lunar orbit insertion(LOI) stage following direct transfer trajectory. We investigate the launch window including launch azimuth, delta-V profile according to TLI and LOI burn positions. We also depict the visibility conditions of ground stations and solar eclipse duration to understand the characteristics of the direct transfer trajectory. This paper can be also helpful not only for overall understanding of ${\Delta}V$ trend by changing TOF and coasting time but for selecting launch epoch and control parameters to decrease fuel consumption.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.91-95
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• 2009

The pharmacokinetic properties of oxytetracycline (OTC) were studied after intramuscular injection to cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Plasma concentrations of OTC were determined after dosage of 12.5, 25 and 50 ㎎/㎏ body weight in olive flounder (average 600 g, $23{\pm}1{^{\circ}C}$). Plasma samples were taken at 3, 5, 10, 15, 24, 32, 48, 72, 120, 168, 240 and 360 h post-dose. With 25 and 50 ㎎/㎏, the peak plasma concentrations of OTC, which attained at 5 h post-dose, were 0.99 and 1.49 $\mu{g}/m\ell$, respectively. However, the peak plasma concentration of 12.5 ㎎/㎏ was 0.35 $\mu{g}/m\ell$ after 10 h post-dose. Plasma concentrations of OTC were not measurable at 360 h post-dose in all doses. The kinetic profile of absorption, distribution and elimination of OTC in plasma were analyzed fitting to a 1-compartment model by Win-Nonlin program. The following parameters were calculated for 12.5, 25 and 50 ㎎/㎏ body weight, respectively: AUC (the area under the concentration-time curve)?D���D24.98, 44.67 and 50.45 $\mu{g}$ $h/m\ell$ $T_{1/2}$ (half-life) ?D���D0.42, 0.59 and 0.41 h; $T_{max}$ (time for maximum concentration)?D���D8.46, 6.34 and 2.66 h; $C_{max}$ (maximum concentration)?D���D0.30, 0.63 and 1.13 $\mu{g}/m\ell$.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.76-81
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• 2018

Objective: This study compared the safety and efficacy of $Safacto^{(R)}$ versus $xyntha^{(R)}$ in patients with severe hemophilia A. Methods: Thirty-three male patients with severe hemophilia A were randomly divided into two groups. Seventeen patients received $Safacto^{(R)}$ and 16 patients received $Xyntha^{(R)}$ for four consecutive times. The dosage of FVIII was 40-50 IU/kg for each injection. Plasma level of FVIII activity was evaluated before every injection, 15 minutes after the injection and one month after the start of the trial. The rate of factor VIII activity, pain and joint motion were also assessed before and after the treatment. Results: Plasma level of FVIII clotting activity in $Safacto^{(R)}$ and $Xyntha^{(R)}$ were $1.96{\pm}0.5IU/dl$ and $1.63{\pm}0.5IU/dl$ and increased to $88.84{\pm}25.2IU/dl$ and $100.09{\pm}17.8IU/dl$, respectively (P<0.001). Pain score and range of motion improvement were $9.3{\pm}0.9$ and $8.7{\pm}0.1$ in $Safacto^{(R)}$ (P=0.17); and $9.4{\pm}0.8$ and $8.8{\pm}0.3$ in $Xyntha^{(R)}$ (P=0.35), respectively. No allergic or other unfavorable reactions was observed with either of the preparations. Conclusion: This study showed that $Safacto^{(R)}$ has a favorable efficacy and safety profile.

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2024

Purpose: Pertussis bacteria have many pathogenic and virulent antigens and severe adverse reactions have occurred when using inactivated whole-cell pertussis vaccines. Therefore, inactivated acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines and genetically detoxified recombinant pertussis (rP) vaccines are being developed. The aim of this study was to assess the safety profile of a novel rP vaccine under development in comparison to commercial diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines. Materials and Methods: The two positive control DTaP vaccines (two- and tri-components aP vaccines) and two experimental recombinant DTaP (rDTaP) vaccine (two- and tri-components aP vaccines adsorbed to either aluminum hydroxide or purified oat beta-glucan) were used. Temperature histamine sensitization test (HIST), indirect Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cluster assay, mouse-weight-gain (MWG) test, leukocytosis promoting (LP) test, and intramuscular inflammatory cytokine assay of the injection site performed for safety assessments. Results: HIST results showed absence of residual pertussis toxin (PTx) in both control and experimental DTaP vaccine groups, whereas in groups immunized with tri-components vaccines, the experimental tri-components rDTaP absorbed to alum showed an ultra-small amount of 0.0066 IU/mL. CHO cell clustering was observed from 4 IU/mL in all groups. LP tests showed that neutrophils and lymphocytes were in the normal range in all groups immunized with the two components vaccine. However, in the tri-components control DTaP vaccine group, as well as two- and tri-components rDTaP with beta-glucan group, a higher monocyte count was observed 3 days after vaccination, although less than 2 times the normal range. In the MWG test, both groups showed changes less than 20% in body temperature and body weight before the after the final immunizations. Inflammatory cytokines within the muscle at the injection site on day 3 after intramuscular injection revealed no significant response in all groups. Conclusion: There were no findings associated with residual PTx, and no significant differences in both local and systemic adverse reactions in the novel rDTaP vaccine compared to existing available DTaP vaccines. The results suggest that the novel rDTaP vaccine is safe.