• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.1200-1209
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• 1999

Prediction model was composed by optimal parameter estimation from best fitting on reactant temperature profile, inlet and outlet temperature of coolant and yield of dual fixed-bed catalytic reactor(FBCR) which was measured in the industrial field. In order to design the FBCR which could obtain maximum conversion and yield, we investigated the effect of catalyst bed length and reactor radius changes. An uniform activity FBCR showed the best performance at z = 2.8 m of total catalysst bed length in case of reactor radius r = 0.01241 m and z =2.80 m(upper layer: 1.88 m, lower layer: 0.92 m) under reactor radius r = 0.01254 m for a dual activities FCBR. In case of reactor radius changes, the axial temperature profile and maximum radial temperature was rapidly risen for radius increase. The reactor radius decrease showed the opposite result.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.249-254
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• 2007

The effects of chronic chitosan salt supplementation on the systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and physiological parameters were investigated in healthy male and female adult. Chitosan salt was conducted by measuring various health-related factors such as body composition, plasma $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, lipid, and lipoproteins profiles, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity. Chitosan salt supplementation no significant differences before and after supplement in body composition variables and in SBP and DBP in either male or female. Plasma sodium and chlorine concentration no significant changes during chitosan salt supplementation, and no significant difference between two genders. Plasma GOT and GPT activity no different before and after supplement in either male or female. GOT activity significantly higher for male before supplement (p<0.05), and 2 weeks after supplement (p<0.01). The lipid and lipoproteins profiles of plasma no significant changes during chitosan salt supplementation in either male or female subjects. In summary, the chronic intake of chitosan salt did not affect the SBP or DBP, and posed no health risks.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.890-897
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• 2006

In inflammatory responses, induction of cytokines and other immune regulator genes in macrophages by pathogen-associated signal such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays a crucial role. In this study, the gene expression profile changes by LPS treatment in the macrophage/monocyte lineage cell line RAW264.7 was investigated. A 60-mer oligonucleotide microarray of which probes target 32381 mouse genes was used. A reverse transcription-in vitro translation labeling protocol and a chemileuminescence detection system were employed. The mRNA expression levels in RAW264.7 cells treated for 6 h with LPS and the control vehicle were compared. 747 genes were up-regulated and 523 genes were down-regulated by more than 2 folds. 320 genes showing more than 4-fold change by LPS treatment were further classified for the biological process, molecular function, and signaling pathway. The biological process categories that showed high number of increased genes include the immunity and defense, the nucleic acid metabolism, the protein metabolism and modification, and the signal transduction process. The chemokine-cytokine signaling, interleukin signaling, Toll receptor signaling, and apoptosis signaling pathways involved high number of genes differentially expressed in response to LPS. These expression profile data provide more comprehensive information on LPS-target genes in RAW264.7 cells, which will be useful in comparing gene expression changes induced by extracts and compounds from anti-inflammatory medicinal herbs.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.421-428
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• 1999

Potassium (K) released from weathering of biotite in soils has been recognized as one of major K-sources for plant growth. Sand size biotite in a soil-saprolite-parent rock profile developed under temperate climate was studied in terms of morphological, mineralogical, and chemical changes according to depth employing petrographic and electron microscopes. X-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe. Biotite showed discoloring from black to goldish white and loss paleochroism with decreasing depth. Both edge and layer weatherings of biotite showed in this study. Hexagonal holes and cracks on (001) plane of weathered biotite grains were observed and their members increased with increasing weathering degree. Biotite was altered to kaolinite with or without intermidiate products such as hydrobiotite, degraded biotite, and illite. Average chemical composition of weathered biotite changed to that of katolinite with decreasing depth: increasing concentrations of silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al) and decreasing concentrations of potassium (K), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and taitanium (Ti).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1186-1194
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• 2019

Objective: The influence of broiler carcass scalding conditions on chicken breast meat quality parameters was investigated. Methods: Two hundred and seventy Cobb broiler chickens from 42 to 48 days old were slaughtered according to the standard industry practice and scalded in five temperature/time combinations-$T_1$, $54^{\circ}C/210s$; $T_2$, $55^{\circ}C/180s$; $T_3$, $56^{\circ}C/150s$; $T_4$, $57^{\circ}C/120s$; $T_5$, $58^{\circ}C/90s$. Results: Scalding temperature increase resulted in higher values of external and ventral lightness and in protein functionality reduction-determined by emulsification capacity and protein denaturation-in chicken breast fillets 24 h post-mortem. Protein secondary structures had conformational changes, with a decrease of the ${\alpha}$-helix and an increase of the ${\beta}$-sheet and ${\beta}$-turn proportions, mainly in $T_1$ and $T_5$ samples, determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in an attenuated reflectance mode analysis. The chemical composition, pH, water holding capacity and Warner-Bratzler shear force did not differ among the treatments. In the fatty acid profile, the 18:1n-9 was lower in $T_5$, which suggested that the high scalding-temperature could have caused the lipid oxidation. The values of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as 22:2, 20:4n-6, and 22:6n-3, were highest in the $T_5$, thus being related to the phospholipid cellular membrane collapse in this experimental condition and subsequent release of these PUFA. Conclusion: Intermediate scalding-parameters avoided the negative changes in the chicken meat quality.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.575-583
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of parity and the stage of lactation on the metabolic profile of cows based on the basic chemical milk components and the blood parameters. Methods: The study material consisted of high-yielding Holstein-Friesian cows. In total, 473 cows were examined. According to the parity, cows were divided into four groups: primiparous (P), and multiparous in the second (M2), in the third (M3), and in subsequent lactations (M4). The feeding of cows was based on total mixed ration (TMR) ad libitum. Milk and blood samples were collected individually from each cow three times per standard lactation period. Results: Greater exacerbation of changes in the dynamics of the blood plasma parameters examined was proved for multiparous cows. The highest value of β-hydroxybutyrate acid (0.946 mmol/L) was found for multiparous cows from group M3 at the beginning of lactation. However, it was still in the normal range. The results showed aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities in dairy cows during lactation had significant variations taking in to account stage of lactation. The highest activity of GGT was found in the group of the oldest cows and measured from 26.36 U/L at the beginning of lactation to 48.75 U/L at the end of the lactation period. Conclusion: The time-related changes in the concentrations of the biochemical parameters described differ markedly among lactating cows, though the housing conditions on the research dairy farm are highly standardised. This indicates that the ability to cope with metabolic stress is mainly affected by the individual predispositions of cows and feed nutrient supply in different stage of lactation. Especially, the feed nutrient supply (in net energy for lactation), which was the best in TMR 1 in comparison TMR 3.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.207-214
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to identify whether herbal medicine improves the clinical symptoms and abnormal blood tests of a patient with fatty liver accompanied by hypertriglyceridemia. Methods: A 44-year-old man with fatty liver and hypertriglyceridemia was prescribed Saenggangunbi-tang from July 20, 2020, to November 11, 2020, to reduce fatigue and to improve laboratory findings, such as liver enzymes and the lipid profile. We observed changes in symptoms, serum levels of liver enzymes, and the lipid profile during about 4-month treatment. We also recorded changes in the bioelectrical impedance analyzer findings during that time. Results: In this case study, an approximately 4-month treatment with Saenggangunbi-tang led to considerable improvement in laboratory findings and visceral fat area. In particular, the patient experienced a noticeable decrease in triglyceride levels compared with the baseline parameters of the first visit. In addition, no side effects-including weight gain and liver enzyme increases-were observed during treatment. Conclusion: This study suggests that appropriately prescribed herbal medicine is a therapeutic option to manage fatty liver combined with hypertriglyceridemia.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.164-172
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• 1996

CREAMS (Circulation Research of the East Asian Marginal Seas) Expeditions have provided a rare opportunity to carry out precise measurements of salinity, temperature and chemical tracers extensively in all major basins of the East Sea (Japan Sea) in 1993-1996 for the first time in more than 60 years since Uda's investigation (Uda, 1934). Studies revealed unequivocal evidence that the East Sea Proper Water (ESPW), previously known as a single homogeneous water mass, is indeed made of several distinct water masses. CREAMS data further confirmed the earlier observations of Gamo et al. (1986) that properties in Deep Waters in the East Sea have been changing during at least the last 25 years. There is evidence, especially from the analysis of the DO profile, that these changes may result from a major change in the mode of deep water formation: from bottom water formation in the past to intermediate/deep water formation in recent years. The causes for these changes are not clear at the present time, but nay include natural variation and may also reflect recent global changes in regional scale. A moving-boundary box model is presented to describe current observations, predicting the turnover time of the total deep and bottom waters to the cold surface waters to be ${\sim}$80 years in 1996.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.471-476
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• 1996

Blood biochemical and histopathological changes in vital organs of rabbits were studied after 19 wk of feeding composite diets (75 concentrate : 25 roughage) incorporating either urea (2%, wt/wt) ammoniated or alkali (1.5%, wt/wt) treated neem kernel meal (NKM) replacing peanut meal protein of control diet by either 50 or 100%. The blood biochemical constituents (Haemoglobin, Alanine amino transferase, Aspartate amino transferase, Total protein, Blood urea nitrogen &Cholesterol) in rabbits fed on processed NKM diet at either levels, were comparable to the values of thos on control diet except a lowered (p < 0.05) blood glucose concentration in processed NKM fed rabbits as compared to that in control diet fed ones. Histological examination revealed increased goblet cell activity, stunting of jejunal villi, mild tubular degeneration in kidney and hepatic fibro-cellular reaction in rabbits fed on urea ammoniated and alkali treated NKM diets with less marked changes in the latter. Testicular changes with variable degree of disorganization and vacuolation of spermatogonial cells were noticed in rabbits fed higher levels of urea-ammoniated and alkali treated NKM. Thus, alkali treatment and urea-ammoniation were effective in detoxification of meal, but the processing technology is to be further perfected to prevent cumulative effect of residual neem bitters in long term feeding.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.167-176
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• 2009

Land cover changes associated with urbanization have driven climate change and pollution, which alter properties of ecosystems at local, regional, and continental scales. Thus, the relationships among urban ecological variables such as community composition, structure, health, soil and functioning need to be better understood to restore and improve urban ecosystems. In this study, we discuss urban ecosystem management and research from a futuristic perspective based on analyses of vegetation structure, composition, and successional trends, as well as the chemical properties of soils and the distribution of heat along an urban-rural gradient. Urban thermo-profile analysis using satellite images showed an obvious mitigating effect of vegetation on the Seoul heat island. Community attributes of Quercus mongolica stands reflected the effects of urbanization, such as pronounced increases in disturbance-related and pollution-tolerant species, such as Styrax japonica and Sorbus alnifolia. Retrogressive successional trends were detected in urban sites relative to those in rural sites. Changes in the urban climate and biotic environment have the potential to significantly influence the practice and outcomes of ecological management, restoration and forecasting because of the associated changes in future bio-physical settings. Thus, for management (i.e., creation and restoration) of urban green spaces, forward-thinking perspectives supported by historical information are necessary.