• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 2011

Objectives: To find out from an analysis of empirical data the levels of influence, which a labor union (LU) and Occupational Safety and Health Committee (OSHC) have in reducing the occupational injury and illness rate (OIIR) through their accident prevention activities in manufacturing industries with five or more employees. Methods: The empirical data used in this study are the Occupational Safety and Health Tendency survey data, Occupational Accident Compensation data and labor productivity and sales data for the years 2003 to 2007. By matching these three sources of data, a final data set (n = 280) was developed and analyzed using SPSS version 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: It was found that a workplace with a LU has a lower OIIR than one without a LU. In manufacturing industries with five or more employees in 2007, the OIIR of the workplaces without a LU was 0.87%, while that of workplaces with a LU was much lower at 0.45%. In addition, workplaces with an established OSHC had a lower OIIR than those without an OSHC. Conclusion: It was found that the OIIR of workplaces with a LU is lower than those without a LU. Moreover, those with the OSHC usually had a lower OIIR than those without. The workplace OIIR may have an impact on management performance because the rate is negatively correlated with labor productivity and sales. In the long run, the OIIR of workplaces will be reduced when workers and employers join forces and recognize that the safety and health activities of the workplace are necessary, not only for securing the health rights of the workers, but also for raising labor productivity.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2019

Each company has different business processes. Since it is impossible that an ERP system contains every different business processes, the productivity of customizing and maintenance well-matched for the business process of a company is the key to successful implementation. This ERP UI development tool was developed for better connection to back-end in terms of customizing and maintenance, integration with design, providing various tools for higher productivity, reusability, and standardized user interface so that it enhances the productivity, meets the UI standard, and copes with upcoming changes of business process. In the further study, the study on the service automation and integrated development environment with front-end and back-end providing through the advanced user convenience development for front-end designer and front-end generator would be carried out.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.160-167
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• 2021

The authors of the article investigate the impact of digitalization on the forms change of employment and the labor market in the modern conditions. It is substantiated that digitalization processes directly affect the change of forms of employment and the range of occupations in the labor market, as well as the change of jobs. The positive and negative consequences of changing forms of employment for the economy in the process of digital transformation are analyzed, which include: reduction of personnel costs by employers; dissemination of non-standard, informal employment (electronic freelance, electronic outsourcing, start-employment); enabling employees to manage their working hours; increasing unemployment and imbalance of supply and demand in the labor market; reduction of productivity of enterprises, as a result of reduced productivity of workers with non-standard forms of employment, or with a negative indirect impact on productivity. A model for managing the process of digitalization in the labor market of Ukraine under different scenarios of their implementation, namely evolutionary and forced is devoted. To recognize the possible change in the level of employment in connection with the implementation of the forced scenario of digitalization in Ukraine, a model for estimating probable changes in the labor market is proposed. The directions of development of the state strategy of prevention of risks of reduction of number of workplaces in the course of digitalization are outlined.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.93-104
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• 2022

Agriculture is one of the most vulnerable sector to droughts, and drought damage on the agriculture sector could have effects on other sector. Droughts have different characteristics compared to other extreme events, which means more sophisticated methods considering the characteristics of droughts are required when measuring their damage. The purpose of this study is to analyze the damage of droughts based on limited computational general equilibrium model. To be specific, we constructed a CGE model focusing on the agriculture sector in Korea. Also, to limit changes in land use and labor, we limited them, and assume droughts only have effects on productivity of value-added. Lastly, we simulate drought effects on rice production in Korea based on several climate scenarios and GCM to identify the economic effects of droughts. The results show that 1) the cumulated damage of droughts during 2021~2040 is higher than other periods (2040~2061, 2081~2100), 2) the correlation between the damage of droughts and SSP scenarios is insignificant. This result implies the necessity of the effective drought risk management to prevent future droughts effects, irrespective of mitigation policies. 3) Due to increases in rice price, GDP of rice sector is increased. However, GDP of the other sector and consumer welfare are decreased. This result show that indirect effects of droughts would be more important when measuring drought effects on agriculture sector.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.18-31
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• 2022

To evaluate the impact of drought on agriculture in N. Korea, SPI (standardized precipitation index) analysis was carried out by utilizing time-series precipitation data during 1996 - 2003 when severe drought occurred throughout the country. The SPI value was estimated to reach 12 in approximately 60% of the total period, indicating that agricultural productivity deteriorated rapidly due to the long-term drought. The national average drought cycle, based on SPI 12, was estimated as 32.5 months for the last 40 years. However, when examined on 20-year basis, the drought cycle was shortened by 10.6 months in last 20 years (30.3 months) as compared to previous 20 years (40.9 months). Annual crop production continued to increase mainly in rice and maize until the mid-1990s, but declined sharply thereafter due to the drought. After the drought period, the production of potatoes of which growth is more resistant to drought started to increase to the production level comparable to those of rice and soybean. It is expected that changes in the agricultural production environment in N. Korea will be inevitable due to the climate change. To this end, using the results of the drought cycle analysis, it is possible to analyze the changes in the agricultural production environment in N. Korea in the future.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.23-56
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• 2023

To investigate the causes of Korea's growth slowdown over the past thirty years, we estimate the contributions of major developmental factors, including i) demographic factors (changes in population growth and workforce age due to the demographic transition), ii) quality-of-life-related choice factors (changes in working hours, education, and the female employment rate), iii) structural change, and iv) the effects of productivity catch-up. Our estimates show that these four groups of factors account for approximately 90 percent of the growth slowdown, with demographic factors contributing approximately 30 percent and the other three groups of factors each contributing about 20 percent. We also show that the same factors explain most of Korea's high growth in the 1980s. These results suggest that Korea's growth slowdown is basically a consequence of its successful economic development and that the high growth and subsequent slowdown can be regarded as a single process. In addition, given that the factors examined here exhibit similar patterns of change in the course of economic development of most countries, we think that our estimation results of the relationship between economic development and changes in economic growth trends could have more general implications that go beyond Korea's experience.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.558-576
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• 1996

Since 1978. China has progressed her reforms of her economy. In this process, refroms in rual area have been operated with top priority. The system of collective economy had been changed into that of private economy. Rural farming and land-use system had been changed also. The household responsibility system took the place of a People's Commune. That was the system that could inspire farm-household with a will to work, and hence, increase the productivity of agriculture. However, with the developement of market mechanism in the later 1980s, that system got inadequate to new situation. For instance, incentives of a will to work slowly decreased, agricultural productivity did not increase, and labor forces were tremendously transferred to non-agricultural sector. This situation created the demand for a new system of rural land policy and use. This paper intends to describe changes of new system of land use in rual China. Those changes are as follows. 1. The system of land-circulation has been spread widely. 2. 'Liangtianzhi' (the system of two kind land-use) divided the land into two kinds, 'kouliangtian' (the land of food) and 'zerentian' (the land of obligation). The one is allocated in proportion to the per capita, and to support farm-household' and function, the other is allocated in proportion to the labor force, in order to increase the commercial function of land. 4. 'Guimojingying' (management of scale): For overcomint the disadvantage of dispersal of land, the relative concentration of land was required. 4. 'Gufenzhi' (a joint-stock system) is practised for the purpose of establishing clear-cut lines of land ownership. 5. 'Sihuangpaimai' (auction the use right of four kinds of wasteland) is for full-using of the wasteland. It can be apprehended that these systems and policies were the process of adaption to market mechanism. In these, rural China could escape form the disorder due to rapid changes, and overcome the existing contradiction.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1576-1583
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• 2006

In order to investigate the effect of Goamshimshinhwan(GASSW) on SD rats with deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate. Methotrexate was fed to the SD rats once a day for 4 days. After the immune responses of the at a dosage 1,000, 500 and 250mg/kg/10ml. and the changes on body weight and gains, spleen weight, total blood leukocyte numbers, total lymphocyte numbers, the percentage of B-cell, T-cell, CD3+CD+4 T-cell, CD3+CD8+ T-cell and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios in the bolld and spleen were observed. In addition, the serum IL-2 levels and productivity of IL-2 of splenic cells were also demonstrated in this study. The changes on body weight were increased significantly in 100 and 500mg/kg of GASSW groups and the changes on body gain were increased significantly in 1000mg/kg of GASSW groups as compared with control group. The changes on the spleen weight (absolutely or relatively) were increased significantly in all GASSW groups as compared with control group. The total blood leukocyte numbers were increased significantly in 1000 and 500mg/kg of GASSW groups as compared with control group. The total lymphocyte numbers were increased significantly in all GASSW groups in the blood and increased significantly in 1000 and 500mg/kg of GASSW goups in spleen as compared with control group. The percentage of B-cell and T-cell were increased significantly in 1000mg/kg of GASSW groups in the blood and increased significantly in 1000 and 500mg/kg of GASSW groups in spleen as compared with control group. The percentage of CD3+CD4+ T-cell and the serum IL-2 levels and productivity of IL-2 of splenic cells were increased significantly in 100 and 500 mg/kg of GASSW groups in the blood and spleen as compared with control group. The percentage of CD3+CD8+ T-cell were increased significantly in 1000mg/kg of GASSW groups only in spleen as compared with control groups. The CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios were increased significantly in 1000 and 500mg/kg of GASSW groups only in the blood as compared with control group. Goamshimshinhwan(GASSW) has immuno-stimulating effect on SD rats with deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.303-313
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• 2011

Field observations and culture experiments have been carried out during the rainy season (on the 6th, 8th and 27th July 2009) to examine changes in the primary productivity and associated plant pigments in the estuary of the Seom-jin River. Primary productivity was determined at four sampling stations along the salinity gradient. On 6th July (before heavy rain) primary productivity ranged from 689~1,169 mgC $m^{-2}$ $d^{-1}$. On the 8th, just after more than 216.5 mm of precipitation, euphotic layers at all stations were reduced to very shallow water because of the high concentration of suspended solids in the water. This resulted in dramatically decreased primary productivity down to as low as 12~32 mg C $m^{-2}$ $d^{-1}$. However, after the rain, primary productivity on the 27th ranged from 266~999 mgC $m^{-2}$ $d^{-1}$, demonstrating a fast recovery in the upper stream water to similar productivity levels to those before the rainy season. Concentration of fucoxanthin in the water was highest on the 6th July. Before the rain, concentration of the zeaxanthin, increased as the salinity decreased. Immediately after the heavy rain, the Chl b (Chlorophytes) concentration was higher at all sites than before the rainy season. The concentration of fucoxanthin decreased after the heavy rain. At the downstream site, peridinin (Dinoflagellates) were found. During the rainy season, the diatoms contributed to the primary productivity at all sites. However, after the rainy season, Chl b (Chlorophytes) and Peridinin (Dinoflagellates) increased, demonstrating the enhanced contribution of those species in addition to diatoms.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.213-235
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• 2008

Recent reports about economic structure and changes show that global economy changes to rely on service rather than manufacturing. This phenomenon can be explained in two ways: the growth of service industry itself and the increasing reliance on service by other industry areas. The importance of service is indicated by the fact that the contribution of research and development, marketing, and finance to the revenue generation of companies is getting greater than that of manufacturing. This change in the economic structure calls for researchers' attention on the importance of service and the service-based economy. In the service-based economy, firms are considered value proposition providers and consumers actual value creators so that the concept of co-value creation becomes a key thesis to study. However, there are a variety of definitions of service and diversified measurements of service anchored in the supplier-oriented understanding of service yet. This lack of understanding of the service and the economic paradigm change causes a lot of problems in the areas of service productivity, service quality, and service innovation. Even though a new movement called service science started and rigorously pursues the way of enhancing the understanding of the economic change and service productivity, there is no framework that provides a unified view about the new role of service, service productivity, service quality, and thus service innovation. This study proposes a unified framework to provide a structured view about service provision and to facilitate the research on service. The framework is built on the concepts from previous studies about service marketing and service science: service life cycle and service networks including value activity network, resource integrator network, and capability network. We hope this study can be used as the basis for future studies on service science.