• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.39-47
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• 2003

Background & Methods : In order to measure the acute and subacute toxicity of Vermilionum and it's anti-cancer effects, Sarcoma-180 abdominal cancer cells were injected intravenously. The following results were obtained after measuring the survival rate, toxicity of the NK cells, and IL- 2 productivity. Results : 1. It was impossible to measure $LD_{50}$ value in the acute toxicity test and no toxic effects were witnessed in the clinical observation. 2. No significant differences were shown in the weight changes between the experiment groups and the control group in the acute toxicity test. 3. No peculiar toxic effects were shown in the subacute toxicity test and the weight changes were insignificant between the experiment groups and the control group. 4. In measuring the survival rate after inducing abdominal cancer by Sarcoma-180, the experiment groups showed increased of 9.52% compared to the control group. 5. In measuring the activity of NK cells, no significant changes were shown between the experiment groups and the control group. 6. In measuring the productivity of IL-2, significant reduction was shown in the experiment groups compared to the normal group, but no significance was witnessed compared to the control group.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.115-122
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• 2019

Under the Act No. 21 of 2008, Islamic banks in Indonesia as an intermediary institution are obligated to manage the resources simultaneously, the financial funds as well as the social funds, e.g. zakah, infaq, and sadaqah. This study aims to investigate the productivity change of social funds and financial funds of Islamic Banks in Indonesia. Non-parametric tests of Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) is applied to annual data from period 2012 to 2017, encompassing post-reform of banking authority from Bank Indonesia to The Financial Services Authority (OJK) at 2012. The samples are nine Islamic banks in Indonesia which were able to provide the data during observation period. The results indicate that social funds are more productive than financial funds and productivity change tends to trade off. The productivity of social funds is progressed by 8.2% while the financial funds is regressed by 5.4%. Overall, the productivity change of Islamic banks is influenced by technological aspect rather than the efficiency aspect. Besides, BRI Syariah is the best performer in managing financial funds while BCA Syariah as the best performer in social funds. It implies that the policymakers may strengthen the supervisory and coaching to increase the Islamic banks' productivity in both activities.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.47-67
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• 2010

Carbon productivity is an efficiency concept, well suited to maximizing product/service(economic) value of firms and minimizing environmental impact($CO_2$ emissions). This study investigates the causal relationship between carbon productivity (eco-efficiency) and financial performance in Korean firms. The result shows that firms improving carbon productivity are able to gain superior financial performance. The analysis also show that changes in financial performance have a positive impact on the improvement of carbon productivity. However this study reports that carbon productivity does not have a long-run impact on financial performance and vice versa. Finally, the results also show that differences exist in the relationship between carbon productivity and financial performance when grouped by industry characteristics.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.225-235
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• 2013

This study purposed to analyze the productivity of regional medical capacity in attracting medical tourist between 2009 and 2011. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist productivity index (MPI) were applied to test the productivity and changes in study periods. The DEA model included a number of doctors, nurses, and beds as input factors, and a number of inpatient and outpatient, and hospital income as output factors. The result of the study were as follow. Jeju had efficiency value of 1 for three years. Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, Ulsan, Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Jeonnam, Gyeongbuk, and Gyeongnam showed an increasing trend of efficiency value over three years. Seoul had the efficiency value, 1, in 2011. But, Incheon, Gwangju showed decreasing efficiency score during the study period. MPI showed overall productivity decrease during the period. Further studies will be needed by collecting more time-series data.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.53-80
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• 2021

The main objective of this study is to determine whether there have been TFP increases in the Korean manufacturing sector due to trade liberalization since the 1990s. Based on the methodology proposed by Pavcnik (2002), which focuses on the channel through which trade liberalization measures enhance overall industrial productivity by triggering the exit of low-productivity firms, this study tests the following two hypotheses: first, the TFP increase in the Korean tradable industry is not higher than that in the non-tradable industry, and second, plants with lower TFP levels did not exit from the tradable industry. Through the rejection of these two hypotheses, it is possible to infer indirectly the effect of trade liberalization on firm productivity rates in Korea since the 1990s. First, this analysis reveals that since the 1990s, the TFP of the tradable sector compared to the non-tradable sector presented a statistically meaningful increase only in the 2000s, when China joined the WTO and trade increased sharply between Korea and China. Secondly, TFP growth in the tradable sector was positively affected by exits, as it was plants with lower TFP levels that ceased to exist.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.211-238
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• 2005

Korea is far behind other OECD countries in economy-wise productivity: Korea's labor productivity in terms of GDP per hour worked is the lowest among OECD countries. Against the existing productivity gap, there is a worrying sign in Korea's investment trend - rapid fall in machinery and equipment investment with slow increase in R&D investment. The challenge facing Korea is how to transform her economy from catching-up model to a knowledge-based one. The paper shows that, in tandem with the structural changes that today's Korean industries are experiencing, industry's innovation system is also changing. Innovation networks are emerging as the result of economy-wise restructuring since the financial crisis of 1997 and, though still not a dominant force, the newly emerging innovation networks will be the main threads of industry's innovation activities in the future. The changes in industrial innovation system would positively contribute in raising the productivity of the Korean economy. The paper contains a case study on Korea's automobile industry in order to highlight some of main characteristics of the structural changes, in addition to a chapter that gives an overview of the evolutionary paths of the Korea's industrial innovation. The paper assesses that changes can be considered as a positive sign of future growth perspective; but there are further challenges to make the Korea's industrial innovation system effective. The list of such challenges includes strengthening upstream sectors of currently leading industries, expanding the innovation base to SME and promoting technological co-operation between domestic firms and foreign firms.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.9 no.4 s.21
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• pp.9-18
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• 2003

The objectives of the study are to improve techniques for social impact assessment and to suggest their measuring methods to apply in small scale rural development projects. Population, residence, industries, and traffic volumes were selected to measure the social and economic impact assessment of Seongeup agricultural water development project in Jeju Province. Existing data gathering methods were used to estimate the changes of population and traffic volumes. Interview schedule for villagers was applied to estimate the residents' satisfaction to living environments. Interview schedule for experts was applied to estimate agricultural productivity and land price. The results of social and economic impact assessment show that there will be considerable changes in living environments, agricultural productivity, and land price. On the contrary, the project will make little impacts on the changes of population, em-ployment, and traffic volumes.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.761-768
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• 2017

Purpose: Quality management has significantly contributed to the productivity revolution in the past century. However, the argument that quality can be an impediment to innovation in the age of industry 4.0 has intensified recently. Possible solutions to this controversial issue are discussed. Methods: The research papers and magazine articles which described quality as an impediment to innovation are reviewed, and the industries in which this particular problem arises are examined. Results: Conventional quality management is as effective as ever when technology changes quite slowly. However, strong 'quality first' culture serves as an impediment to innovation when technology changes quickly as in the ICT(information and communication technology) industry and platform business. Conclusion: When the technology changes rapidly, faster time-to-market is much more important than variation control and continuous improvement. Moving from a productivity focus to a creativity focus is also required in quality management.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2020

This study aims to measure the efficiency and productivity change of 30 domestic construction companies from 2010 to 2018 using data envelopment analysis(DEA) and Malmquist productivity index (MI). In particular, we used the number of employees, capital stock, and non-current assets as input variables, and sales and net income as ouput variables for the analysis. The dataset used for the analysis of efficiency and productivity changes is the employee profile and financial statements for the companies from 2010 to 2018. We found that the MI of the 30 companies is greater than one since 2013. This is because many years of TEC (Technical Efficiency Change) is greater than 1, which means that the productivity index increases as the TEC increases. In addition, the MI value was less than 1, which lowered the productivity of construction firms in 2018. The results of the study may help decision makers to find effective future management plans by analyzing the internal and external factors.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.387-396
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• 2010

This paper estimates changes in the total factor productivity and technical efficiency change index and the technical change index using the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) in fishery-processed wholesale products over the time period spanning 2006-2008. The model considers a number of employees and operating costs as input factors, and sales and EBIT (earnings before tax and interest) as output factors. The results demonstrate that, between 2006 and 2007, there has generally been no technical progress, although a small improvement in productivity was detected in the sales scale of 10 billion won-50 billion won. Between 2007 and 2008, there was technical progress in the majority of DMU, except within the range of 20 million won-10 billion won. Wilcoxon's rank-sum test, however, demonstrates no statistically significant differences in productivity between the two periods.