• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제40회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.53-53
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• 2011

As the dimension of Cu interconnects has continued to reduce, its resistivity is expected to increase at the nanoscale due to increased surface and grain boundary scattering of electrons. To suppress increase of the resistivity in nanoscale interconnects, alloying Cu with other metal elements such as Al, Mn, and Ag is being considered to increase the mean free path of the drifting electrons. The formation of Al alloy with a slight amount of Cu broadly studied in the past. The study of Cu alloy including a very small Al fraction, by contrast, recently began. The formation of Cu-Al alloy is limited in wet chemical bath and was mainly conducted for fundamental studies by sputtering or evaporation system. However, these deposition methods have a limitation in production environment due to poor step coverage in nanoscale Cu metallization. In this work, gap-filling of Cu-Al alloy was conducted by cyclic MOCVD (metal organic chemical vapor deposition), followed by thermal annealing for alloying, which prevented an unwanted chemical reaction between Cu and Al precursors. To achieve filling the Cu-Al alloy into sub-100nm trench without overhang and void formation, furthermore, hydrogen plasma pretreatment of the trench pattern with Ru barrier layer was conducted in order to suppress of Cu nucleation and growth near the entrance area of the nano-scale trench by minimizing adsorption of metal precursors. As a result, superconformal gap-fill of Cu-Al alloy could be achieved successfully in the high aspect ration nanoscale trenches. Examined morphology, microstructure, chemical composition, and electrical properties of superfilled Cu-Al alloy will be discussed in detail.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.639-648
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• 1989

최종 제품의 고유 풍미와 영양가에 영향을 미치지 않는 속양(速釀) 어장유(魚醬油) 제조를 위하여 Aspergillus oryzae 가 접종된 장유(醬油)코오지와 시판 단백분해 효소의 이용 가능성을 검토하였다. 전갱이(아지)를 원료로 하여 장유(醬油)코오지 또는 시판 단백분해 효소를 첨가하는 등의 조건을 달리한 16종류의 어장유(魚醬油)를 제조하였고 각각 그들의 화학성분을 조사하였다. 원료 전갱이에 장유(醬油)코오지를 첨가하고 초기에 10%식염을 가하여 48시간 유지한 후 다시 그 혼합물에 10% 식염을 더 가하여 제조한 어장유(魚醬油)가 아미노태 질소함량, 총질소에 대한 아미노태 질소 함량 비율 및 제품의 단백질 전환율 등에 있어서 기타 조건에서 제조된 모든 어장유(魚醬油)에 비하여 가장 우수하였다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권12호
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• pp.1930-1939
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of the study was to conduct metabolic profiling of dairy cattle serum and urine using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy and to compare the results obtained with those of other dairy cattle herds worldwide so as to provide a basic dataset to facilitate research on metabolites in serum and urine. Methods: Six dairy cattle were used in this study; all animals were fed the same diet, which was composed of total mixed ration; the fed amounts were based on voluntary intake. Blood from the jugular neck vein of each steer was collected at the same time using a separate serum tube. Urine samples were collected by hand sweeping the perineum. The metabolites were determined by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy, and the obtained data were statistically analyzed by performing principal component analysis, partial least squares-discriminant analysis, variable importance in projection scores, and metabolic pathway data using Metaboanalyst 4.0. Results: The total number of metabolites in the serum and urine was measured to be 115 and 193, respectively, of which 47 and 81, respectively were quantified. Lactate (classified as an organic acid) and urea (classified as an aliphatic acylic compound) exhibited the highest concentrations in serum and urine, respectively. Some metabolites that have been associated with diseases such as ketosis, bovine respiratory disease, and metritis, and metabolites associated with heat stress were also found in the serum and urine samples. Conclusion: The metabolites measured in the serum and urine could potentially be used to detect diseases and heat stress in dairy cattle. The results could also be useful for metabolomic research on the serum and urine of ruminants in Korea.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.575-583
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of parity and the stage of lactation on the metabolic profile of cows based on the basic chemical milk components and the blood parameters. Methods: The study material consisted of high-yielding Holstein-Friesian cows. In total, 473 cows were examined. According to the parity, cows were divided into four groups: primiparous (P), and multiparous in the second (M2), in the third (M3), and in subsequent lactations (M4). The feeding of cows was based on total mixed ration (TMR) ad libitum. Milk and blood samples were collected individually from each cow three times per standard lactation period. Results: Greater exacerbation of changes in the dynamics of the blood plasma parameters examined was proved for multiparous cows. The highest value of β-hydroxybutyrate acid (0.946 mmol/L) was found for multiparous cows from group M3 at the beginning of lactation. However, it was still in the normal range. The results showed aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities in dairy cows during lactation had significant variations taking in to account stage of lactation. The highest activity of GGT was found in the group of the oldest cows and measured from 26.36 U/L at the beginning of lactation to 48.75 U/L at the end of the lactation period. Conclusion: The time-related changes in the concentrations of the biochemical parameters described differ markedly among lactating cows, though the housing conditions on the research dairy farm are highly standardised. This indicates that the ability to cope with metabolic stress is mainly affected by the individual predispositions of cows and feed nutrient supply in different stage of lactation. Especially, the feed nutrient supply (in net energy for lactation), which was the best in TMR 1 in comparison TMR 3.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.410-421
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• 2022

Objective: Two series of experiments were conducted to determine how the incremental levels of sodium metabisulfite (SMB)-treated fruit and vegetable discards (FVD) in diet of Hanwoo heifers and cows affect their performance and health. Methods: In Exp. 1, 36 Hanwoo heifers were stratified by age (13.3±0.83 mo) and initial body weight (305±19.7 kg), and divided randomly to one of three diets containing 0%, 10%, or 20% SMB-treated FVD (as-fed basis). The experiment lasted 110 d, including 20 d of adaptation. In Exp. 2, 24 multiparous Hanwoo cows were divided into three groups based on age (48.2±2.81 mo) and initial body condition score (2.64±0.33). Cows in each block were assigned randomly to one of three diets containing 0%, 11%, or 22% SMB-treated FVD (as-fed basis). The experiment lasted 80 d, including a 20-d adaptation period. In both experiments, SMB-treated FVD was used as a replacement for wet brewers grain in total mixed ration (TMR). Results: Growing heifers exhibited no differences in their daily feed intake (6.58±0.61 kg/d dry matter [DM]), average daily gain (0.60±0.07 kg/d), and body condition score when they consumed the incremental levels of SMB-treated FVD. Although most blood metabolites were unaffected by treatments, blood urea-N and β-hydroxybutyrate levels decreased linearly as the SMB-treated FVD level increased in TMR. Similar to Exp. 1, minor differences were found in daily feed intake (8.27±0.72 kg DM/d) and body condition score of Hanwoo cows. Most blood metabolites remained unaffected by treatments, but blood urea-N decreased as the SMB-treated FVD level in TMR increased. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that SMB-treated FVD could be safely incorporated into the diet of Hanwoo heifers and cows, potentially improving N-use efficiency in the body while not impairing performance or health.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권4A호
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• pp.775-785
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• 2006

본 논문은 우수한 부착성능과 더불어 단순한 공정으로 생산이 가능한 GFRP 보강근의 표면성형 기법을 제시하였다. 논문에는 제안하고자하는 표면성형기법에 대한 내용과 개발된 보강근의 콘크리트 부착성능에 대하여 언급하였다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 표면성형공법은 에폭시레진에 초단섬유인 milled glass fibers를 혼입하여 GFRP 보강근의 외부에 프레스 성형하는 공법이다. milled fibers의 적적한 혼합비를 결정하기 위하여 다양한 혼입비로 제작된 경화된 에폭시 시편의 압축강도실험과 다양한 혼입비의 표면형상을 갖는 부착시험편의 pull-out 실험이 수행되었다. 실험결과, 정적하중하에서 뿐 아니라 환경하중 재하상태에서도 milled fibers의 혼입량이 증가할수록 콘크리트와의 부착성능이 증진됨을 확인됨으로써 본 공법의 효용성을 검증하였다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.387-396
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• 2003

본 연구는 시판 비육후기용 사료와 볏짚을 급여한 관행적 비육후기 사료급여형태(대조구)와 특정 비육농가에서 급여하고 있는 섬유질배합사료의 단독급여 효과를 비교하기 위해 증체량, 사료효율, 도체등급 등을 조사하였고(시험 1), 결과 해석을 위해 시험 2에서 반추위 발효성상에 미치는 영향과 소화율을 조사하였다. 비육후기의 섬유질배합사료 사료의 급여효과 시험에서는 섬유질배합사료의 건물 사료섭취량이 1일 7.4kg으로 대조구와 차이가 없었고, 일당 증체량에서는 718ｇ으로 대조구 775ｇ보다 낮았으나 유의성은 없었다. 1kg 증체에 필요한 사료요구량에서는 섬유질배합사료구가 10.5kg으로 대조구보다 약 0.8kg 더 높았다. 대조구의 Ａ등급 출현율은 22%였으나, 섬유질배합사료구는 33%로 섬유질배합사료구의 A등급 출현율이 높았고, 육질 등급에서도 1등급 출현율이 대조구와 섬유질배합사료구에서 각각 56%와 75%로 섬유질배합사료구가 현저히 높았다. 섬유질배합사료 사료의 건물을 비롯한 조단백, 조지방, 그리고 총에너지의 전장소화율은 대조구와 비교하여 약 1.2-1.6배 더 유의적으로 높았던 것으로 나타났다. 반추위 내의 pH 변화는 섬유질배합사료구가 배합사료를 급여한 관행구보다 높은 pH 6.0이상에서 비교적 안정적으로 유지되었다. 반추위내 NH3-N 농도는 섬유질배합사료구가 사료급여 후 8시간 후까지 높은 수준에서 유지되었고, 특히 사료급여 2시간 후 까지 대조구의 2배에 이르는 28.2mg/$d\ell$까지 급격히 증가하였다(P<0.05). 대조구와 섬유질배합사료구의 총 VFA 함량은 사료급여 후 2시간까지 증가하였다가 그 후 감소하는 경향이 비슷하였으며, 유의적인 차이도 없었다. 그러나 branch chained fatty acid (BCFA)인 iso-butyric acid와 iso-valeric acid의 비율에서는 섬유질배합사료와 대조구간에 차이가 있었고, 특히 사료급여 후 3-5시간 내에 섬유질배합사료구가 유의성있게(P<0.01) 높았다. 본 시험의 결과, 섬유질배합사료 급여는 한우의 반추위 발효를 안정화시키고 비육후기 산육성 및 육질등급을 높이는 효과가 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.1366-1376
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• 2009

Effect of sulfur (S) on utilization efficiency of fresh cassava foliage and cassava hay in dairy cows was evaluated using thirty-two $1^{st}-2^{nd}$ lactation Holstein-Friesian crossbred dairy cows. The experimental treatment was a 2${\times}$2 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) using two roughages (rice straw+fresh cassava foliage (FCF) and rice straw+cassava hay (CH)) and two elemental sulfur (S) levels (0.15 and 0.4% S of dry matter (DM)), respectively. Four dietary treatments (FCF+0.15, FCF+0.4, CH+0.15 and CH+0.4) were offered ad libitum in the form of a total mixed ration (TMR) with concentrate to roughage (chopped rice straw+chopped cassava foliage) ratio at 60:40. Fresh cassava foliage or cassava hay resulted in similar dry mater intake, rumen ecology parameters, total tract digestibility, blood chemistry, milk production and composition. However, HCN intake, blood and milk thiocyanate concentration were significantly higher (p<0.01) in cows fed fresh cassava foliage with no sign of potential toxicity. Dry matter intake, body weight changes, molar percentage of propionate in rumen, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility and nitrogen (N) retention of cows tended to be increased while DM digestibility (65.6, 72.7, 68.6 and 72.1% of total DM intake for the respective treatments), rumen bacteria population (1.4, 1.7, 1.6 and $1.7{\times}10^{11}$ cell/ml for respective treatments), fungal zoospore population (0.4, 0.6, 0.4 and $0.5{\times}10^{6}$ cell/ml for respective treatments), urinary allantoin (25.3, 28.0, 26.3 and 27.6 g/d for respective treatments), microbial N yield (136.0, 154.6, 142.8 and 151.3 g N/d for respective treatments) and milk protein content (3.4, 3.5, 3.2 and 3.5% for respective treatments) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in cows fed on supplemented sulfur at 0.4% of DM in comparison with 0.15% S-supplemented diets. Based on these results, it is concluded that cassava foliage could be used as a portion of roughage for dairy cows and supplementation of S would be nutritionally beneficial.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1572-1576
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• 2003

A growth trial of 180 days was conducted on 18 crossbred calves (6-9 months, $73.48{\pm}6.52kg)$ by randomly allotting to two complete diets and a conventional diet (6 in each group). The complete diets were formulated containing 40 per cent cotton straw, one processed in mash form and other subjected to expander-extruder pelletization (EEP). These two complete diets were compared with conventional system of feeding under which concentrate mixture and cotton straw were fed separately in a 60:40 ratio. The calves on EEP complete diet consumed more (p<0.01) DM in comparison to other two groups. The DMI per 100 kg body weight was similar among all the diets. The ADG was significantly (p<0.01) higher in calves fed EEP complete diets (815.4 g) followed by mash (627.0 g) in comparison to conventional diet (464.9 g). The DM intake per kg metabolic body weight was higher (p<0.01) on complete diet than conventional diet. The intakes of DCP (p<0.05), TDN (p<0.01), and ME (p<0.01) per kg metabolic body weight were significantly higher on EEP complete diet in comparison to mash and conventional diet. The water intake per kg DM intake was comparable among all the diets. The efficiency of DM utilisation was higher p (<0.05) on EEP complete diet (5.84) in comparison to conventional diet (7.41), whereas on mash diet it was intermediate (6.68). The efficiency of DCP utilization was similar in mash and EEP complete diet fed groups, which was higher (p<0.05) than that of the conventional diet. Expander-extrusion though increased the cost of production it reduced the cost of feed per unit live weight gain by 12.28% in comparison to its mash form and by 16.76% when concentrate and cotton straw were fed separately. The results indicated that blending of cotton straw along with concentrates in a complete diet increased the palatability of the straw in comparison to conventional system and expander extruder processing of cotton straw based complete diet gave better growth performance and may form an economic ration for growing crossbred calves.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1273-1273
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• 2001

The efficiency of the luminal fermentation process influences overall efficiency of luminal production, animal health and reproduction. Ruminant production systems have a significant impact on the global environment, as well. Animal wastes contribute to pollution of the environment as ammonia volatilized to the air and nitrate leached to ground water. Microbial protein synthesis in the rumen satisfies a large proportion of the protein requirements of animals. Quantifying the microbial synthesis is possible by using markers for lumen bacteria and protozoa such as nucleic acids, purine bases, some specific amino acids, or by isotopic $^{15}N,^{32}P,\;and\;^{35}S$ labelled feeds. All those methods require cannulated animals, they are time-consuming and some methods are very expensive as well. Many attempts have been made to find an alternative method for indirect measurement of microbial synthesis in intact animals. The present investigations aimed to assess possibilities of NIRS for prediction of purine nitrogen excretion and ruminal microbial nitrogen synthesis by NIR spectra of urine. Urine samples were collected from 12 growing sheep,6 of them male, and 6- female. The sheep were included in feeding experiment. The ration consisted of sorghum silage and protein supplements -70:30 on dry matter basis. The protein supplements were chosen to differ in protein degradability. The urine samples were collected daily in a vessel containing $60m{\ell}$ 10% sulphuric acid to reduce pH below 3 and diluted with tap water to 4 liters. Samples were stored in plastic bottles and frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$ until chemical and NIRS analysis. The urine samples were analyzed for purine derivates - allantoin, uric acid, xantine and hypoxantine content. Microbial nitrogen synthesis in the lumen was calculated according to Chen and Gomes, 1995. Transmittance urine spectra with sample thickness 1mm were obtained by NIR System 6500 spectrophotometer in the spectral range 1100-2500nm. The calibration was performed using ISI software and PLS regression, respectively. The following statistical results of NIRS calibration for prediction of purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis were obtained.(Table Omitted). The result of estimation of purine nitrogen excretion and microbial protein synthesis by NIR spectra of urine showed accuracy, adequate for rapid evaluation of microbial protein synthesis for a large number of animals and different diets. The results indicate that the advantages of the NIRS technology can be extended into animal physiological studies. The fast and low cost NIRS analyses could be used with no significant loss of accuracy when microbial protein synthesis in the lumen and the microbial protein flow in the duodenum are to be assessed by NIRS.