• Title/Summary/Keyword: product cost

Search Result 2,130, Processing Time 0.031 seconds

A Reconfigurable Mixed-Model Assembly System of Cockpit Module using RFID/ZigBee Protocol (RFID/ZigBee 프로토콜을 활용한 가변구조 혼합형 모델 칵핏모듈 조립생산 시스템)

  • Koo, Ja-Rok
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
    • /
    • v.16 no.12
    • /
    • pp.8940-8947
    • /
    • 2015
  • Mixed-model assembly line has been widely used in automotive assembly industry to quickly respond the diverse product demands. But, this model can lead to part confusion, which is a source for assembly errors when parts are physically interchangeable in a mixed-model assembly line. With the recent application of new technologies such as radio frequency identification (RFID) and ZigBee wireless sensor network (WSN) to the assembly process, real-time information has become available in this manufacturing systems through IT infrastructures. At first, this paper presents an RFID application for assembly processes, specifically, for a mixed-model assembly line. Thus, to ensure that parts be picked accurately, each cockpit module on the assembly line is attached with a RFID tag and the tag is scanned using a RFID reader and recognizes the vehicle, and each part of the cockpit module is attached with a barcode and the barcode is scanned by a barcode reader and each part is identified correctly for the vehicle. Second, this paper presents a ZigBee wireless sensor network (WSN) protocol-based application for a reconfigurable mixed-model assembly line of cockpit module to reduce the assembly errors and the cost of the change/reconfiguration on the assembly lines due to the various orders and new models from the motor company, avoiding the wiring efforts and inconvenience by wiring between the several RFID devices and the IT server system. Finally, we presents the operation results for several years using this RFID/ZigBee wireless sensor network (WSN) protocol-based cockpit module assembly line.

Development of the Accuracy Improvement Algorithm of Geopositioning of High Resolution Satellite Imagery based on RF Models (고해상도 위성영상의 RF모델 기반 지상위치의 정확도 개선 알고리즘 개발)

  • Lee, Jin-Duk;So, Jae-Kyeong
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
    • /
    • v.12 no.1
    • /
    • pp.106-118
    • /
    • 2009
  • Satellite imagery with high resolution of about one meter is used widely in commerce and government applications ranging from earth observation and monitoring to national digital mapping. Due to the expensiveness of IKONOS Pro and Precision products, it is attractive to use the low-cost IKONOS Geo product with vendor-provided rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs), to produce highly accurate mapping products. The imaging geometry of IKONOS high-resolution imagery is described by RFs instead of rigorous sensor models. This paper presents four different polynomial models, that are the offset model, the scale and offset model, the Affine model, and the 2nd-order polynomial model, defined respectively in object space and image space to improve the accuracies of the RF-derived ground coordinates. Not only the algorithm for RF-based ground coordinates but also the algorithm for accuracy improvement of RF-based ground coordinates are developed which is based on the four models, The experiment also evaluates the effect of different cartographic parameters such as the number, configuration, and accuracy of ground control points on the accuracy of geopositioning. As the result of a experimental application, the root mean square errors of three dimensional ground coordinates which are first derived by vendor-provided Rational Function models were averagely 8.035m in X, 10.020m in Y and 13.318m in Z direction. After applying polynomial correction algorithm, those errors were dramatically decreased to averagely 2.791m in X, 2.520m in Y and 1.441m in Z. That is, accuracy was greatly improved by 65% in planmetry and 89% in vertical direction.

  • PDF

The Antecedents of Switching Cost and its Effect on Customer Loyalty in Digital Music Service Industry (온라인 음악서비스 산업에서 전환비용의 선행요인 및 전환비용이 고객충성도에 미치는 영향)

  • Kang, Sung-Min;Uhm, Gi-Heon
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
    • /
    • v.20 no.2
    • /
    • pp.157-180
    • /
    • 2010
  • Rapid development of information technology has generated a new industry and market. In particular, network technology such as the Internet and other computer networks made transaction activities switched from traditional offline commerce to e-commerce. Among them, digital content is bit-based object which is created and distributed through electronic environment. In particular, many entertainment contents such as the music, the movies, and the computer game softwares are main products. Although digital content commerce has high potential demand, it lacks the consideration about the factor related to maintaining existing customer such as customer loyalty and switching costs. There has been a number of research on customer loyalty and other factors affecting it in the traditional electronic commerce environment, but there is a lack of research which examines the characteristics of digital content. The study about the effect of switching costs on customer loyalty in digital content commerce is necessary because the customers of digital content commerce market are from those of other e-commerce market or traditional offline commerce market. In addition, customer loyalty and switching costs are important factors because they may build up greater customer retention. For that reason, this study focused on examining the relationships among switching costs, antecedents for switching costs, and customer loyalty in online digital music service industry. The study has three major purposes: (1) to find antecedents of switching costs on digital content commerce and examine effect of antecedents for switching costs; (2) to identify effect of switching costs on customer loyalty in digital content commerce and examine moderating effects of alternative attractiveness; (3) to identify the differences of antecedents for switching costs by contents transmission type(streaming service and downloading service). And, the online digital music service industry is selected in this study since there are many users and transactions incurring. To accomplish these purposes, a survey questionnaire was developed and distributed to 256 informants. Survey instrument was developed based on previous research and pre-established survey items. Total of 206 surveys are collected and used in the data analysis. Among the respondents, 56.8% is male and 43.2% is female. Also, 86 responses were streaming service user group and 120 responses were download service user group. These data was analyzed using regression analysis. Major findings of empirical analysis can be summarized as follows. First, switching costs have positive effect on customer loyalty in digital content commerce environment. Second, the influence of switching costs on customer loyalty increases under conditions of high alternative attractiveness. Third, DRM convenience and breadth of use have positive effect on switching costs. The findings imply that the digital content provider should pay more attention to switching costs in addition to customer satisfaction in order to attract customers. Also, increasing the convenience of DRM use by securing the convenience of user interface and expanding the support device and increasing the service use scope by providing diverse value-added service helps to create a switching barrier. The result of the study can become a practical use in marketing strategy for maintaining existing customer. In particular, switching barrier is very important under conditions of high competition in the online music service market. This study can be used as a basis for further studies about customer retention in digital content commerce.

Development of the DNA Sequencing Chip with Nano Pillar Array using Injection Molding (Nano Pillar Array 사출성형을 이용한 DNA 분리 칩 개발)

  • Kim S.K.;Choi D.S.;Yoo Y.E.;Je T.J.;Kim T.H.;Whang K.Y.
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
    • /
    • 2005.06a
    • /
    • pp.1206-1209
    • /
    • 2005
  • In recent, injection molding process for features in sub-micron scale is under active development as patterning nano-scale features, which can provide the master or stamp for molding, and becomes available around the world. Injection molding has been one of the most efficient processes for mass production of the plastic product, and this process is already applied to nano-technology products successfully such as optical storage media like DVD or BD which is a large area plastic thin substrate with nano-scale features on its surface. Bio chip for like DNA sequencing may be another application of this plastic substrate. The DNA can be sequenced using order of 100 nm pore structure when making the DNA flow through the pore structure. Agarose gel and silicon based chip have been used to sequence the DNA, but injection molded plastic chip may have benefit in terms of cost. This plastic DNA sequencing chip has plenty of pillars in order of 100 nm in diameter on the substrate. When the usual features in case of DVD or BD have very low aspect ratio, even less than 0.5, but the DNA chip will have relatively high aspect ratio of about 2. It is not easy to injection mold the large area thin substrate with sub-micron features on its surface due to the characteristics of the molding process and it becomes much more difficult when the aspect ratio of the features becomes high. We investigated the effect of the molding parameters for injection molding with high aspect ratio nano-scale features and injection molded some plastic DNA sequencing chips. We also fabricated PR masters and Ni stamps of the DNA chip to be used for molding

  • PDF

The effect of citric acid and enzyme inactivation treatment on C3G stability and antioxidant capacity of mulberry fruit alcoholic drink (구연산 및 효소 불활성화 처리가 오디술의 C3G 안정성과 항산화능에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Hyun-Bok;Kim, Jung-Bong;Koo, Hui-Yeon;Seok, Young-Seek;Seo, Sang-Deok;Kim, Sun-Lim;Sung, Gyoo-Byung
    • Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
    • /
    • v.51 no.1
    • /
    • pp.36-40
    • /
    • 2013
  • To promote the consumption of mulberry fruit, we manufactured mulberry fruit wine with 'simheung' by different processing methods and analyzed cyanidin-3-glucoside(C3G) stability and antioxidant capacity. In the processing of mulberry fruit alcoholic drink, 3 minutes blanching using microwave inhibited the C3G destruction by maintaining the antioxidant capacity and inactivation of enzymes related to pigment's stability. And freeze-dried mulberry fruit was the highest C3G pigment content and antioxidant capacity. Nevertheless, this is not recommended because the economic burden of the cost of freeze-drying. In conclusion, when processing mulberry fruit wine, the addition of citric acid and the enzyme's inactivation treatment were considered more effective than storage containers (transparent glass, brown glass bottles, aluminum foil, green glass, translucent glass bottles).

The Effect of Additives in the Cardioplegic Solution on the Recovery of Myocardium, Compariosn Among Albumin, Mannitol, and Glucose (심마비용액의 삼투압을 유지하기위한 첨가 물질들의 차이가 심근보호에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Eun-Gi;Lee, Jong-Guk;Lee, Sang-Heon
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
    • /
    • v.24 no.11
    • /
    • pp.1058-1067
    • /
    • 1991
  • High potassium cardioplegia is a widely accepted procedure to enhance myocardial protection from ischemic injuries associated with open heart surgery. Maintaining optimum osmolarity of the cardioplegic solution is one of the required conditions for an ideal cardioplegic solution Albumin is an frequently added component for maintaining optimum osmolarity of clinically used cardioplegic solutions. But the source of albumin is human blood so that the supply is limited and the cost of manufacturing is relatively high. Recently there are moves to minimized the use of blood product for fear of blood-associated infections or immunological disorders. In this experiment, we substituted mannitol or glucose for albumin added to the cardioplegic solution which has been used at the Wonju Medical College, To determine whether addition of mannitol or glucose instead of albumin in the cardioplegic solution can produce satisfactory myocardial protection during ischemia, three different groups of isolated rat heart perfused by modified Langendorff technique were studied. Wonju Cardioplegic Solution was selected as a standard high potassium[18mEq/L of K+] cardioplegic solution. Three kinds of cardioplegic solution were made by modifying the composition maintaining the same osmolarity[339$\pm$1mOsm/Kg] Isolated rat heart were perfused initially with retrograde nonworking mode and then changed to working mode. After measuring the heart rate, systolic aortic pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, ischemic arrest by aorta cross clamp and cardioplegia was made maintaining the temperature of water jacket at 10oC. The heart was rewarmed and reperfused after 60min of ischemic arrest with intermittent cardioplegia at the 30min interval. The time to return of heart beat and the time required to get. Regular heart beat were observed after reperfusion. The recovery rate of the functional variables-heart rate, systolic aortic pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow and cardiac output were calculated and compared among the three groups of different cardioplegia-albumin, mannitol, and glucose. The wet weight and dry weight was measured and the water content of the heart as figured out for comparison. The time to return of heart beat was fastest in the albumin group, The functional recovery rates were best in the albumin group also. In the above conditions, albumin was the best additive to the cardioplegic solution compared to the mannitol or glucose.

  • PDF

The Effect of Drug Release from Osmotic Pellet Related to the Various Ratio of $Eudragit^{(R)}$ RL and RS ($Eudragit^{(R)}$ RL과 RS의 비에 따른 삼투정 펠렛의 약물방출에 미치는 영향)

  • Youn, Ju-Yong;Ku, Jeong;Lee, Soo-Young;Kim, Byung-Soo;Kim, Moon-Suk;Lee, Bong;Khang, Gil-Son;Lee, Hai-Bang
    • Polymer(Korea)
    • /
    • v.31 no.4
    • /
    • pp.329-334
    • /
    • 2007
  • Osmotic pellet system, which is one of the oral drug delivery systems, has been developed to improve manufacturing process, reduce product cost and other problems of osmotic tablet systems. Osmotic pellet is consisted of water swellable seed layer, drug layer, and membrane layer. Among them, the membrane layer plays an important role in a control of the drug release. In this work, we examined the effect of ratio for Eudragit RL and RS on the drug release behavior. Osmotic pellet with nifedipine as a model drug was easily obtained in a good yield by fluidized bed coater. Osmotic pellet showed round morphology with a range of size $1300{\sim}1500\;{\mu}m$. In the experiment of nifedipine release, the release amount increased with the increase of the ratio of Eudragit. This is due to the fact that Eudragit RL contains more hydrophilic quaternary ammonium group than Eudragit RS. Additionally, the release amount was retarded with increasing the membrane thickness. There are no differences in the release amount measured at the different pH 1.2, 6.5, 6.8, and 7.2. In conclusion, it was found that the drug release from osmotic pellets depended on the composition ratio and coating thickness of membrane layer.

Conflict Management Strategy for Successful Logistics Outsourcing (성공적인 물류 아웃소싱을 위한 갈등관리 전략)

  • Hur, Won-Moo;Lee, Seung-Chang;Seo, Eung-Kyo;Shin, In-Yong;Lee, Wan-Soo
    • Journal of Distribution Research
    • /
    • v.11 no.1
    • /
    • pp.41-68
    • /
    • 2006
  • Today, Manufacturing companies execute the logistics outsourcing that commits the non-core logistic function to the specialized logistics corporation, which makes the manufacturing company focus on its core competence, product development and marketing, reduces logistics cost and improves customer service level. Recently, Logistics outsourcing is developed into cooperative sourcing based on the partnership. Case study on the logistics outsourcing will provide the good guideline for planning of the outsourcing strategy. The objective of this research is making a sense about 4PL through the case of UPS-Samsung Electro-Mechanics and catching major issue to provide the guideline for the cooperation outsourcing strategy. We investigated historical backgrounds of the logistics outsourcing between UPS and Samsung Electro-Mechanics. We also investigated problems occurred in outsourcing process at the five dimensions-organizational problem, CEO's short-term views, cultural gap between two companies, integration of IT system, and different understanding about outcomes. We expect to give many implications to manufacturing companies which want to cooperate with specialized logistics corporation.

  • PDF

DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE AND NITROGEN ON UNDRIED FORAGES BY NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY(NIRS)

  • Cozzolino, D.;Labandera, M.;Inia La Estanzuela
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
    • /
    • 2001.06a
    • /
    • pp.1620-1620
    • /
    • 2001
  • Forages, both grazed and conserved, provide the basis of ruminant production systems throughout the world. More than 90 per cent of the feed energy consumed by herbivorous animals world - wide were provided by forages. With such world - wide dependence on forages, the economic and nutritional necessity of been able to characterize them in a meaningful way is vital. The characterization of forages for productive animals is becoming important for several reasons. Relative to conventional laboratory procedures, Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) offers advantages of simplicity, speed, reduced chemical waste, and more cost-effective prediction of product functionality. NIR spectroscopy represents a radical departure from conventional analytical methods, in that entire sample of forage is characterized in terms of its absorption properties in the near infrared region, rather than separate subsamples being treated with various chemicals to isolate specific components. This forces the analyst to abandon his/her traditional narrow focus on the sample (one analyte at a time) and to take a broader view of the relationship between components within the sample and between the sample and the population from which it comes. forage is usually analysed by NIRS in dry and ground presentation. Initial success of NIRS analysis of coarse forages suggest a need to better understand the potential for analysis of minimally processed samples. Preparation costs and possible compositional alterations could be reduced by samples presented to the instrument in undried and unground conditions. NIRS has gained widespread acceptance for the analysis of forage quality constituents on dry material, however little attention has been given to the use of NIRS for chemical determinations on undried and unground forages. Relatively few works reported the use of NIRS to determine quality parameters on undried materials, most of them on both grass and corn silage. Only two works have been found on the determination of quality parameters on fresh forages. The objectives of this paper were (1) to evaluate the use of NIRS for determination of nitrogen and moisture on undried and unground forage samples and (2) to explore two mathematical treatments and two NIR regions to predict chemical parameters on fresh forage. Four hundred forage samples (n: 400) were analysed in a NIRS 6500 instrument (NIR Systems, PA, USA) in reflectance mode. Two mathematical treatments were applied: 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2. Predictive equations were developed using modified partial least squares (MPLS) with internal cross - validation. Coefficient of determination in calibration (${R^2}_{CAL}$) and standard error in cross-validation (SECV) for moisture were 0.92 (12.4) and 0.92 (12.4) for 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2 respectively, on g $kg^{-1}$ dry weight. For crude protein NIRS calibration statistics yield a (${R^2}_{CAL}$) and (SECV) of 0.85 (19.8) and 0.85 (19.6) for 1,4,4,1 and 2,5,5,2 respectively, on a dry weight. It was concluded that NIRS is a suitable method to predict moisture and nitrogen on fresh forage without samples preparation.

  • PDF

NIR-TECHNOLOGY FOR RATIONALE SOIL ANALYSIS WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE

  • Stenberg, Bo
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
    • /
    • 2001.06a
    • /
    • pp.1061-1061
    • /
    • 2001
  • The scope of precision agriculture is to reach the put up cultivation goals by adjusting inputs as precise as possible after what is required by the soil and crop potentials, on a high spatial resolution. Consequently, precision agriculture is also often called site specific agriculture. Regulation of field inputs “on the run” has been made possible by the GPS (Geographical Position System)-technology, which gives the farmer his exact real time positioning in the field. The general goal with precision agriculture is to apply inputs where they best fill their purpose. Thus, resources could be saved, and nutrient losses as well as the impact on the environment could be minimized without lowering total yields or putting product quality at risk. As already indicated the technology exists to regulate the input based on beforehand decisions. However, the real challenge is to provide a reliable basis for decision-making. To support high spatial resolution, extensive sampling and analysis is required for many soil and plant characteristics. The potential of the NIR-technology to provide rapid, low cost analyses with a minimum of sample preparation for a multitude of characteristics therefore constitutes a far to irresistible opportunity to be un-scrutinized. In our work we have concentrated on soil-analysis. The instrument we have used is a Bran Lubbe InfraAlyzer 500 (1300-2500 nm). Clay- and organic matter-contents are soil constituents with major implications for most properties and processes in the soil system. For these constituents we had a 3000-sample material provided. High performance models for the agricultural areas in Sweden have been constructed for clay-content, but a rather large reference material is required, probably due to the large variability of Swedish soils. By subdividing Sweden into six areas the total performance was improved. Unfortunately organic matter was not as easy to get at. Reliable models for larger areas could not be constructed. However, through keeping the mineral fraction of the soil at minimal variation good performance could be achieved locally. The influence of a highly variable mineral fraction is probably one of the reasons for the contradictory results found in the literature regarding organic matter content. Tentative studies have also been performed to elucidate the potential performance in contexts with direct operational implications: lime requirement and prediction of plant uptake of soil nitrogen. In both cases there is no definite reference method, but there are numerous indirect, or indicator, methods suggested. In our study, field experiments where used as references and NIR was compared with methods normally used in Sweden. The NIR-models performed equally or slightly better as the standard methods in both situations. However, whether this is good enough is open for evaluation.

  • PDF