• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.24-33
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• 2015

This study examined the utilization of processed food and the recognition of food labels among 257 university students (201 females and 56 males) in Seoul and Kangwon-do. The results of the study showed that the most important considered information on food labels are shelf life, nutrition facts, and price in sequential order. Female students' recognition of nutrition facts was significantly higher than that of male students (p<0.05). Female students more attentively checked the manufacturer, origin of the products, and shelf life information on food labels than did the male students. In checking out the food labels information, the most checked items on food labels were calories, trans fatty acid and cholesterol in that order and the least checked information was the sodium contents. Among processed foods, male students' consumption was dominant in instant noodles, frozen dumplings, and canned goods, while female students had more candies/chocolates. In selecting processed foods, male students showed strong preference for cheaper and quantitative products, while female students chose more tasty, brand new, well-known brand, and products of domestic origin. Frequency of canned and frozen food consumption showed a positive correlation with BMI, while candies/chocolates showed a negative correlations with BMI. Negative correlations were found in the attitude of selecting food with longer shelf life and BMI. The results of this study suggest that university students need to be well informed to make wise food choices that contribute to a healthy diet. Additionally, food manufacturers and government authorities concerned should make certain that consumers know how to use food label information more easily and effectively through proper education.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.476-491
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• 2016

Purpose: This study investigated consumers' perception of food safety and risk from foodborne illness and consumption pattern of meat and processed meat products in Korea. Methods: A quantitative survey was performed by trained interviewers, surveying 1,500 adults who were randomly selected from six major provinces in Korea. Results: Most of the respondents reported foodborne illness risk related to the consumption of raw meat but not related to heated meat and processed meat products. As respondents perceived the risk of food poisoning from raw meat, the purchase and intake decreased (p<0.001). Most of the respondents considered a low possibility of foodborne illness at home. Seventy-seven percent of the respondents thought that bacteria and virus are the main causes of foodborne illness. Improper storage practice (40.7%) and unsafe food material (29.3%) were the main risk factors contributing to foodborne illness. Perception and practice of food safety was significantly different by the residency area. The most preferred meat, processed meat, and processed ground meat products were pork (58%), ham (31.1%), and pork cutlet (40.4%), respectively. The most preferred cooking method was roasting, regardless of the type of meat, but the second preference for cooking method was significantly affected by the type of meat (p<0.001): stir-fried pork, beef with seasoning, fried-chicken and boiled duck. Frequency of eating out was 0.75/day on weekdays and 0.78/day on weekends at the mainly Korean BBQ restaurant. Conclusion: The results of this study could be used to develop science-based education materials for consumer and the specific guideline of risk management of meat and processed meat products.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.116-125
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• 2001

This survey is carried out in order to understand the perception and eating pattern of chicken further processed product of the housewives in Korea. 894 questionnaires were used for analysis. Chicken is loved by all age groups of people, especially at home of young housewives and of high educational background. The reasons of purchasing chicken further processed products were \"Children(57.8%)\", \"Convenience(43.2%)\" and \"Taste(30.1%)\". The average purchasing frequency of chicken further processed products is \"Once a month\". The criteria for selection of chicken further processed product were \"Hygiene(64.9%)\", \"Expiration date(58.4%)\", \"Brand(25.4%)\", \"Taste(21.9%)\" and \"Price(19.0%)\". Housewives depend on the \"Brand\" in selection of chicken further processed products as the educational background improves. The shopping place of purchasing chicken further processed product were \"Discount store(43.1%)\", Department store(27.4%)\" and so on. The pattern of consumption \"Buy chicken further processed products and cook at home(5.9%)\" was still very low. \"Order for delivery(57.4%)\" increased rapidly for chicken consumption. The housewives suggest to produce chicken further processed products \"Hygienically(16.7%)\", \"Improve taste(12.2%)\" and \"Restrict food additives(11.9%)\" among 311 responses.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.200-206
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• 2015

The use of gums in processed foods manufactured in Korea was investigated in this study. The information about gums added to each food was collected from the ingredient claimed on the food packaging. A total of 272 food items were found to use gums as a thickener, stabilizer, and/or emulsifier. Among them, carrageenan was the most frequently found in 110 items (40%), followed by xanthan gum in 87 items (32%), guar gum in 67 items (25%), arabic gum in 50 items (18%), and gellan gum in 28 items (10%). Application of more than two different gums to food items was also observed, presumably based on the synergistic interaction between gums for a specific physical property. Of nine food categories classified by the Korea Food Code, gums were used most frequently in beverages, noodles, and meat products. Foods for children which include confectioneries, beverages, and chocolates were found to frequently use arabic gum, carrageenan, xanthan gum, guar gum, or gellan gum. These results indicate that gums have been widely using in a variety of Korean processed foods in order to improve their physical properties. Considering potential health concern of some gums such as carrageenan, further study to estimate daily intake of gum is needed.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.308-313
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• 2016

This study aimed to analyze the use of monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) and disodium 5'-ribonucleotide in processed foods manufactured in Korea. Information about MSG and disodium 5'-ribonucleotide was collected from the ingredients claimed on the food packaging. A total of 412 food items were investigated, and 76 items were found to use MSG, disodium 5'-r ibonucleotide, and/or disodium 5'-inosinate. MSG was the most frequently found in 45 items (10.9%), followed by disodium 5'-ribonucleotide in 27 items (6.6%) and disodium 5'-inosinate in three items (0.7%). Of 29 food categories classified by the Korea Food Code, MSG was used most frequently in others, meat products, seasoned food, fish products, and noodles. In comparison, disodium 5'-ribonucleotide was mostly used in noodles. These results indicate that MSG and disodium 5'-ribonucleotide have been used in various Korean processed foods as a flavor enhancers with an umami taste that intensifies the flavor of food.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.206-213
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• 2007

This study investigated the prevalence of nutrition labeling and claims on processed and packaged foods. The final database consists of 1,287 foods, which were collected in two supermarkets in the Seoul area from September to November, 2006. An estimated 78% of KFDA-regulated processed, and packaged foods have nutrition labels. Nutrient content claims on food labels were identified in 21% of the foods which have nutrition labels. The prevalence of nutrition labels in this study is much higher than in previous studies due to the current expansion of the mandatory labeling regulation. However, false labeling and misleading contents claims were also identified. The food label is an important tool for enhancing the public's understanding of healthy choices of processed foods. Therefore, to maximize the benefits of the nutrition labeling regulation, industries, government agencies and health professionals should work together to help consumers make healthy dietary choices and improve their health.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.483-492
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• 2005

The propose of this study was to investigate the status of current nutrition labeling on the packaging of processed foods. The 2432 processed foods purchased at various retail markets in Jeonju and Daegu during June, 2004, were classified by food category according to the 2004 Food Codes and evaluated for the type of nutrition composition labeling and nutritional content claims. The results are summarized as follows: The percentage of processed food products with nutrition labeling was $27.5\%$ and $71.6\%$ of noodles had nutrition composition labeling, which was the largest number among the food category. Various unit of measurements were used in the nutrition labeling of the processed foods, per 100g or 100ml being the most common($51.8\%$) under the currently practiced nutrition labeling. Nutrition claims were made for $9.5\%$ (231 items) of the products. Drinks bad the largest number of nutrition claims of $27.3\%$ The most frequently used technology was 'contained' among the claims ($36.0\%$) and 'added' was the next ($30.7\%$). 'High in calcium' or the equivalent was the most popular nutritional claim Other nutrients for which content claims were made included: lipid, vitamin C, DHA, camitine, taurine etc.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.940-948
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the immune activity of Ailantias altissima as an active ingredient on the immune enhancement by mixing ethanol extract with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The activity of $NF-{\kappa}B/AP1$ transcription factor increased by $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity when mixed with LAB samples rather than with the extract alone. Nitric oxide (NO) production was similar in ethanol extract alone group and LPS treatment group. Mixing Ailantias altissima extract and lactic acid bacteria led to low NO production. The cytokine productivity of $TNF-{\alpha}$ significantly increased in Ailantias altissima extract when treated with LPS, and increased even more when mixed with lactic acid bacteria. The $IL-1{\beta}$ cytokine production was high when the Ailantias altissima extract were treated alone, but no $IL-1{\beta}$ cytokine was produced in the mixtures with isolates. The combination of the ethanol extract of the Ailantias altissima and the lactic acid bacteria was found to be effective in the immune function. Consequently, the ingredient to combine Ailantias altissima extract and lactic acid bacteria can be effectively used for development of the health functional food on the prevention and treatment of hypoimmunities.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2002

This study was carried out to evaluate the adequacy of serving sizes of those packaged processed foods in Korea which are designed to provids one meal or snack for one person. There is a lack of data on reference serving sizes which are essential components in the nutrition information provided on food labels. After compiling the average weight of packaged processed foods available in the market in Korea, a questionnaire was formulated to evaluate the adequacy of the serving sizes on 56 packaged processed food items of 188products using 25 female university students as a consumer group. The results showed that 65.5% of the packaged processed foods had adequate serving sizes. In general, current packaged sizes for bread and carbonated drinks were found to be too large. The proposed reference serving sizes in this research appear to be somewhat different from the ones suggested by the Korean Nutrition Society s $7^{th}$ Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans and by the Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) in the U.S. The serving sizes suggested by the USFDA appear to be too large for beverages and too small for snack foods when these are applied to the Korean population. It is suggested that the size of beverages in the Korean market should be reduced, and smaller sub-packets of snacks (each for one serving) should be packaged in a larger pack, for ease of use of nutrition information by consumers as well as for the reduction of food waste. In the future, other representative population groups should be included in the determination of reference serving sizes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.244-257
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• 2017

Nutrition labeling can provide information in order for people to select products suitable for their own health, and sodium content labeling for processed foods is important since sodium is one of the main causes of cardiac diseases. This study had carried out to propose the desirable sodium content labeling by conducting surveys on the awareness of sodium content in processed foods, understanding of sodium content labeling, and requirements for new sodium comparative claims. The survey period was from 12th of September, 2016 through the 24th, during which a self-administered questionnaire survey was given to 1,003 persons through demographic quota sampling by age and region. As a result of the survey, 66.0% of respondents assuring nutrition labeling answered they check sodium content labeling, whereas 83.2% were aware of excessive intake of sodium having a negative effect on health. Exactly 49.9% of respondents answered that the current system for nutrition labeling on processed foods does not help one to understand the content of sodium, whereas 72.9% answered they wanted to compare sodium contents with those of other products when buying or taking processed foods. As 92.5% cited the importance of sodium comparative claims made by processed foods, preparation of a new system for food labeling should be considered by which consumers can easily compare sodium contents with those of other similar products.