• 제목/요약/키워드: problem design

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범죄예방을 위한 초등학교 학부모의 범죄예방설계(CPTED)요소 인식에 관한 비교 연구: IPA(중요도-실행도 분석)기법을 중심으로 (Applying an IPA(Importance-Performance Analysis) Model to Comparative Study on the Elementary School Students' Parents' Crime Prevention Design Element(CPTED) Awareness for Crime Prevention)

  • 최현식
    • 시큐리티연구
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    • 제40호
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    • pp.209-242
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    • 2014
  • 이 연구는 사회적 문제로 부각되고 있는 초등학교 범죄예방을 위해 학부모를 대상으로 범죄예방설계(CPTED)요소 인식에 대한 분석을 통해 CPTED의 전략적 요소들이 학생들의 대상 범죄를 효과적으로 예방하는데 도움이 될 수 있는지 이해하고 정책적 제언과 방향 제시에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하려는데 그 목적이 있다. 그러한 연구목적의 달성을 위해 이 연구에서는 핵심적인 틀(Framework)로써 중요도-실행도 분석(IPA: Importance-Performance Analysis)을 선택하였다. 연구의 대상자는 1차 조사 집단은 2010년 경주시 초등학교 학부모 203명과 2차 조사 집단은 2014년 동 지역 초등학교 학부모 297명을 유목적 표집(Purposeful Sampling)으로 선정하였다. 이 연구에서 사용한 설문지는 Martilla & James(1977)가 제시하였던 "중요도-실행도 분석(Important-Performance Analysis: IPA)" 기법을 적용하여 초등학생 학부모들을 대상으로 학생의 범죄예방을 위한 CPTED 전략요소에 대한 인식을 분석하였다. 중요도의 신뢰도(Cronbach's ${\alpha}$)는 1차 집단 0.886, 0.920, 0.895와 2차 집단 0.880, 0.906, 0.878 이었으며, 실행도의 신뢰도는 1차 집단 0.880, 0.917, 0.878과 2차 집단 0.735, 0.840, 0.830이었다. 자료의 분석은 빈도 분석, 신뢰도 분석, 기술통계 분석 및 대응표본 t-Test를 실시하였다. IPA 실행격자를 통해 분석한 바, 초등학교 학부모들의 CPTED 전략요소에 대한 중요도는 전반적으로 매우 높았지만 그 성취도는 구성요소에 따라 편차가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과, 초등학교 건물 내 외부에서 학생을 대상으로 한 범죄의 불안감을 해소할 수 있는 범죄예방 설계(CPTED)의 중요한 전략요소는 1차 집단의 기계적 감시, 조직적 감시, 그리고 영역성 강화이며 2차 집단의 조사에서 기계적 조직적 요인으로 나타났으며, 경비인력 확충과 정문에 범죄예방 중요요소들 높은 중요도 비해 실행도가 낮아서 시급히 투자가 요청되고 있다고 하겠다. 이 연구의 분석결과는 학생들의 범죄예방을 위해 범죄예방 설계(CPTED) 전략요소를 규명하고 향후 초등학교에서 CPTED의 구성요소를 효과적으로 적용하는 정책적 방향 제시에 기초자료를 활용될 수 있기를 기대한다.

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Manganese and Iron Interaction: a Mechanism of Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism

  • Zheng, Wei
    • 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회 2003년도 추계학술대회
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    • pp.34-63
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    • 2003
  • Occupational and environmental exposure to manganese continue to represent a realistic public health problem in both developed and developing countries. Increased utility of MMT as a replacement for lead in gasoline creates a new source of environmental exposure to manganese. It is, therefore, imperative that further attention be directed at molecular neurotoxicology of manganese. A Need for a more complete understanding of manganese functions both in health and disease, and for a better defined role of manganese in iron metabolism is well substantiated. The in-depth studies in this area should provide novel information on the potential public health risk associated with manganese exposure. It will also explore novel mechanism(s) of manganese-induced neurotoxicity from the angle of Mn-Fe interaction at both systemic and cellular levels. More importantly, the result of these studies will offer clues to the etiology of IPD and its associated abnormal iron and energy metabolism. To achieve these goals, however, a number of outstanding questions remain to be resolved. First, one must understand what species of manganese in the biological matrices plays critical role in the induction of neurotoxicity, Mn(II) or Mn(III)? In our own studies with aconitase, Cpx-I, and Cpx-II, manganese was added to the buffers as the divalent salt, i.e., $MnCl_2$. While it is quite reasonable to suggest that the effect on aconitase and/or Cpx-I activites was associated with the divalent species of manganese, the experimental design does not preclude the possibility that a manganese species of higher oxidation state, such as Mn(III), is required for the induction of these effects. The ionic radius of Mn(III) is 65 ppm, which is similar to the ionic size to Fe(III) (65 ppm at the high spin state) in aconitase (Nieboer and Fletcher, 1996; Sneed et al., 1953). Thus it is plausible that the higher oxidation state of manganese optimally fits into the geometric space of aconitase, serving as the active species in this enzymatic reaction. In the current literature, most of the studies on manganese toxicity have used Mn(II) as $MnCl_2$ rather than Mn(III). The obvious advantage of Mn(II) is its good water solubility, which allows effortless preparation in either in vivo or in vitro investigation, whereas almost all of the Mn(III) salt products on the comparison between two valent manganese species nearly infeasible. Thus a more intimate collaboration with physiochemists to develop a better way to study Mn(III) species in biological matrices is pressingly needed. Second, In spite of the special affinity of manganese for mitochondria and its similar chemical properties to iron, there is a sound reason to postulate that manganese may act as an iron surrogate in certain iron-requiring enzymes. It is, therefore, imperative to design the physiochemical studies to determine whether manganese can indeed exchange with iron in proteins, and to understand how manganese interacts with tertiary structure of proteins. The studies on binding properties (such as affinity constant, dissociation parameter, etc.) of manganese and iron to key enzymes associated with iron and energy regulation would add additional information to our knowledge of Mn-Fe neurotoxicity. Third, manganese exposure, either in vivo or in vitro, promotes cellular overload of iron. It is still unclear, however, how exactly manganese interacts with cellular iron regulatory processes and what is the mechanism underlying this cellular iron overload. As discussed above, the binding of IRP-I to TfR mRNA leads to the expression of TfR, thereby increasing cellular iron uptake. The sequence encoding TfR mRNA, in particular IRE fragments, has been well-documented in literature. It is therefore possible to use molecular technique to elaborate whether manganese cytotoxicity influences the mRNA expression of iron regulatory proteins and how manganese exposure alters the binding activity of IPRs to TfR mRNA. Finally, the current manganese investigation has largely focused on the issues ranging from disposition/toxicity study to the characterization of clinical symptoms. Much less has been done regarding the risk assessment of environmenta/occupational exposure. One of the unsolved, pressing puzzles is the lack of reliable biomarker(s) for manganese-induced neurologic lesions in long-term, low-level exposure situation. Lack of such a diagnostic means renders it impossible to assess the human health risk and long-term social impact associated with potentially elevated manganese in environment. The biochemical interaction between manganese and iron, particularly the ensuing subtle changes of certain relevant proteins, provides the opportunity to identify and develop such a specific biomarker for manganese-induced neuronal damage. By learning the molecular mechanism of cytotoxicity, one will be able to find a better way for prediction and treatment of manganese-initiated neurodegenerative diseases.

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현대회화에서의 형태와 물질 -Digital Transfiguration에 관한 연구- (Digital painting: Image transfonnation, simulation, heterologie and transfonnation)

  • 정숙영
    • 조형예술학연구
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    • 제10권
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    • pp.161-181
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    • 2006
  • The words which appeared in my theoretical study and work are image transformation to digital painting, simulation, heterologie and transfiguration, etc. Firstly, let's look into 'digital era' or 'new media era'. Nowadays, the image world including painting within the rapid social and cultural change, which is called as digital era, is having the dramatic change. Together with the development of scientific technology, large number of events which was deemed to be impossible is happening as real in image world Moreover, these changes in image world is greatly influencing to our life. The word which compresses this change of image world and shows is 'digital'. Digit, which means fingers in Latin, indicates separately changing signal, and to be more narrow, it indicates the continual signal of '0' and ' 1' in computer. The opposite word is 'analogue'. As analogue is the word meaning 'infer' or 'similarity', it indicates the signal or form which continuously changes along the series of time when it is compared to digital. Instead of analogue, digital is embossed as a major ruler along the whole area of our current culture. In whole culture and art area, and in whole generalscience, digital is appearing as it has the modernism and importance. The prefix, 'digital', e.g. digital media, digital culture, digital design, digital philosophy, etc, is treated as the synonym of modernism and something new. This advent of digital results the innovative change to the image world, creates the new beauty experience which we could not experience before, and forecasts the formation of advanced art and expansion of creative area. Various intellectual activities using computer is developing the whole world with making the infrastructure. Computer in painting work immediately accomplishes the idea of painters, takes part in simulation work, contingency such as abrupt reversal, extraction, twisting, shaking, obscureness, overlapping, etc, and timing to stimulate the creativity of painters, and provides digital formative language which enables new visual experience to the audience. When the change of digital era, the image appeared in my work is shown in 'transfiguration' like drawing. The word, 'transfiguration' does not indicate the completed and fixed real substance but indicate endlessly moving and floating shape. Thus, this concept is opposite to the substantial consideration, so that various concepts which is able to replace this in accordance with the similar cases are also exist such as change, deterioration, mutation, deformity of appearance and morphing which is frequently used in computer as a technical word. These concepts are not clearly classified, and variably and complicatedly related. Transfiguration basically means the denial of "objectivity' and '(continual) stagnation' or deviation from those. This phenomenon is appeared through the all art schools of art ever since the realism is denied in the 19th century. It is called as 'deformation' in case of expressionism, futurism, cubism, etc, in the beginning of the century, which its former indication is mostly preserved within the process of structural deviation and which has the realistic limit which should be preserved. On the contrary, dramatic transfiguration which has been showing in the modern era through surrealism is different in the point that dramatic transfiguration tends to show the deterioration and deviation rather than the preservation of indicated object. From this point, transfiguration coming out from morphing using computer deteriorates and hides the reality and furthermore, it replaces the 'reality'. Moreover, transfiguration is closely approached to the world of fake or 'imaginary' simulation world of Baudrillard. According to Baudrillard, the image hides and deteriorates the reality, and furthermore, expresses 'not existing' to 'imaginary' under the name of transfiguration. Certain reality, that is, image which is absent from the reality is created and overflowed, so that it finally replaces the reality. This is simulation as it is said by Baudrillard. In turn, Georges Bataille discusses about the image which is produced by digital technology in terms of heterologie. Image of heterologie is the visual signal which is established with the media. Image of media is to have the continuous characteristics of produce, extinction, and transformation, and its clear boundary between images becomes meaningless. The meaning of composition, excess, violation, etc of digital image is explained to heterological study or heteologie suggested as important meaning of Georges Bataille who is a heretic philosopher. As the form and image of mutation shows the shape in accordance with mechanical production, heterologie is introduced as very low materialism (or bas materialisme), in this theory. Heterologie as low materialism which is gradually changing is developing as a different concept and analysis because of the change of time in the late 20s century beside high or low meaning. Including my image, all images non-standardizes and transforms the code. However, reappearance and non-standardization of this code does not seem to be simple. The problem of transformation caused by transfiguration which appears in my digital drawing painting, simulation, heterologie, etc, are the continual problems. Moreover, the subject such as existence of human being, distance from the real life, politics and social problems are being extended to actual research and various expressing work. Especially, individual image world is established by digital painting transfiguration technique, and its change and review start to have the durability. The consciousness of observers who look at the image is changing the subject. Together with theoretical research, researchers are to establish the first step to approach to various image change of digital era painting through transfiguration technique using our realistic and historical image.

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노인의 근력강화운동이 일상생활기능 및 삶의 질에 미치는 효과 (An Effect of Muscle Strength Training Program on Muscle Strength, Muscle Endurance, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and Quality of Life in the Institutionalized Elderly)

  • 김희자;홍여신
    • 지역사회간호학회지
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    • 제6권1호
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    • pp.55-73
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    • 1995
  • An Effect of Muscle Strength Training Program on Muscle Strength, Muscle Endurance, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and Quality of Life in the Institutionalized Elderly Recent statistics shows that the aged are the fastest growing segment of our population by increasing life span. The age group of over 60 shows multiple health problems and the most serious handicapping problem of these. are related to the changes in muscular skeletal system. With aging, people lose. their muscle mass and muscle strength resulting from biological changes and physical inactivity. Studies documented a 30-50% loss of muscle mass in an advanced age and thus, ordinary life activities can be seriously affected due to weakened muscle strength. Preservation of muscle strength of lower limb is especially important in the aged. Since it is readily affected from reduced physical activity in old age, sometimes to the detriment of moving or walking. So muscle strength exercise program designed for the elderly to improve leg muscle strength and leg muscle endurance. The research design used was nonequivalent control group pretest - protest design. The purposes of this study were to test the effect of muscle strength exercise program utilizing Leg Press on muscle strength, muscle endurance, instrumental activities of daily living(IADL), cognitive perceptual variables and quality of life. Forty nine subjects participating in this study consisted of twenty four male and twenty five female. Twenty four experimental group subjects were selected from C-institution in Chung Buk province, and twenty five control group subjects were selected from O-institution in Chung Nam province. The mean age of subjects was 72.8 years. Muscle strength training program utilizing Leg Press for the experimental group was carried out three times a week for 9 weeks. The data was collected from August, 1993 to October, 1993. Data were analyzed with $X^2-test$, t-test, ANCOVA test, Kruskal Wallis 1-Way ANOVA test using SPSS PC program. Results were obtained as follows : 1) The experimental group showed significantly higher scores on muscle strength (leg lift strength, back lift strength and grip strength) and muscle endurance than control group after the experiment $\ulcorner$F=52.35(p=.001), F=54.07(p=.001), F=6.97(p=.011), F=18.17(p=.001)$\lrcorner$ 2) Experimental group were significantly higher scores on IADL than control group(F=7.51, p=.009). 3) Experimental group showed significantly higher scores on economical state and self esteem aspects of the quality of life scale than control group $\ulcorner$F=10.59(p=.002), F=6.97(p=.011)$\lrcorner$. But there were no differences in emotional state, physical and functional state and relationship with reatives in the quality of life between groups. 4) Scores on IADL showed a significant difference with the level of muscle strength and muscle endurance $\ulcornerx^2=7.73(p=.025),\;x^2=8.86\;(p=.011)\lrcorner$ 5) Scores on self esteem and physical and functional state aspects of the quality of life scale showed a significant difference with the level of IADL $\ulcornerx^2=11.39(p=.003),\;x^2=9.02(p=.011)\lrcorner$. 6) Scores of experimental group after the experiment in cognitive perceptual variables (perceived benefit on exercise, perceived health status, self efficacy, emotion on exercise) were significantly higher than those of control group $\ulcorner$F=32.09(p=.001), F=5.07(p=.029), F=20.63 (p=.001), F=30.38(p=.001)$\lrcorner$. As a result of this study, the effect of strength training exercise program with Leg. Press had improved muscle strength, muscle endurance, IADL, and the perception of self esteem, physical and funtional state, and economical state. Thus strength training program could be beneficially applied for the prevention of disablity and promotion of health and wellbeing in the aged easily and safely. The subjects in the experimental group have maintained their exercises till six months after the cessation of the experiment. This seem to illustrate that changes in cognitive perceptual variables and the improvement in health status have reinforced motivation for the continuation of voluntary exercises. A further study is necessary to determine the factors affecting maintainance of muscle strength exercise and to assess the effect of weight training program on bone density.

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해양레저용 활주형선의 공기저항 및 온실 가스 배출에 대한 연구 (A Study on Air Resistance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of an Ocean Leisure Planning Boat)

  • 김용섭;황선규
    • 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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    • 제16권3호
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    • pp.202-210
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    • 2013
  • 최근 소득증대로 인해 해양레저에 대한 관심이 높아짐에 따라 해양레저용으로 많이 이용되는 활주형선의 선형설계와 생산에 대한 많은 연구 개발이 필요해지고 있다. 지금까지 수행된 활주형선의 저항에 대한 연구를 분석해본 결과 활주형선은 속도가 빠르고 침수표면적이 매우 작기 때문에 일반 선박과는 다른 저항 특성을 가지고 있음을 알게 되었다. 본 연구는 현재 조선소와 추진기 및 엔진 생산업체에서 유효마력 산정에 널리 활용되는 Savitsky공식을 이용하여 연구대상 활주형선의 전저항을 먼저 계산한 후 이론해석과 풍동실험을 통하여 활주형선 주위에 대한 유동특성을 분석하고 속도와 트림각도 변화에 따른 공기저항, 양력 등을 구하였다. 또한 이 결과를 이용하여 전저항에 대한 공기저항의 비율을 속도와 트림각 변화에 대하여 이론해석결과와 실험결과를 비교하고 분석하였으며 본 연구결과는 좀 더 정확한 유효마력 추정에 활용되어 산출근거를 무시하고 막연하게 고마력 엔진을 장착하는 폐단을 막을 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 한편 기상 이변으로 인한 자연재해가 증가하면서 온실가스에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 국제해사기구(IMO)에서는 선박의 설계 단계에서 적용되는 에너지 효율 지수(EEDI)와 해상을 운항할 때 적용되는 에너지 효율지수(EEOI)를 제정하여 선박으로부터 배출되는 온실가스를 줄이려 하고 있다. 그러나 이 규정은 총톤수(GT) 400톤 이상의 선박에 적용될 예정이므로 해양레저용 선박과 같은 소형 선박은 대형 선박에 비해 단위 출력 당 온실가스 배출량은 오히려 많지만 이 IMO 규정에 의한 규제를 받지 않는다. 따라서 본 연구는 소형선박인 해양레저용 활주형선의 온실 가스 배출량을 산출함으로써 이에 대한 문제점을 제기하고 소형선박에 적용될 수 EEDI 계산법 제정의 필요성을 제시하였다.

소프트웨어 개발 프로젝트 성능의 최적화를 위한 Opportunity Tree 모델 설계 (Opportunity Tree Framework Design For Optimization of Software Development Project Performance)

  • 송기원;이경환
    • 정보처리학회논문지D
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    • 제12D권3호
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    • pp.417-428
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    • 2005
  • 오늘날 IT 조직들은 시장확보와 재정이득 측면에서 비전을 가지고 프로젝트를 수행한다. QCD관점에서 그 수god능력을 향상시켜 나가는 것이 비전을 실현하는 목표이다. 따라서 조직들은 이러한 목표를 달성하기 위해 프로세스 개선을 통해 QCD관점의 목표를 달성하고자 많은 노력을 하고 있는 실정이다. TBM, Ford, GE와 같은 대형 회사들도 컴퓨터에 의한 업무개선 효과보다는 IT를 이용한 비즈니스 프로세스 리엔지니어링을 통해 80퍼센트 이상의 성과를 거두고 있다. 그러나, 목표달성을 위해서는 프로젝트를 수행한 데이터를 수집하고 분석하여 관리해야 하지만 소프트웨어의 비가시성 특성으로 인한 정량적인 측정이 어려운 것이 사실이며 이로 인해 프로세스 변경으로 인한 효과와 효율을 가시적인 확인하기 힘들고 효과적인 프로세스 개선전략을 도출하기 어렵다. 본 논문에서는 조직의 외부적인 효과와 내부적인 효율(품질, 납기일, 공정, 재사용)에 초점을 맞추어 프로젝트 성능을 측정하고 분석한다. 측정된 프로젝트 성능 점수를 기반으로 프로젝트 성능의 최적화를 위한 OT(Opportunity Tree) 모델을 설계하였다. 설계 과정으로서 먼저 프로젝트에서 공통적인 요소(Meta data)를 도출하여 정량적 GQM(Goal-Question-Metric) 설문서에 의해서 분석한다. 정량적 GQM 설문서로부터 얻은 데이터를 가지고, 프로젝트 성능 모델을 설계하고 조직의 영역별 성능 점수를 계산한다. 계산된 영역별 성능 점수와 모든 스테이크 홀더들(조직의 최고 경영자(CEO), 중간 관리자, 개발자, 투자가, 고객)로부터 받아낸 비전 가중치를 통합하여 보정된 값을 구한다. 이를 통해 개선을 위한 경로(Route for Improvement)를 제시하고 최적화된 개선 방법을 제공한다. 기존 소프트웨어 프로세스 개선 방법은 '프로세스 구분'에큰 뛰어난 효과를 보였으나, 프로세스를 프로젝트에 대응시켜서 전략을 수립하고 조직적으로 관리하는 구조적 기능이 미비하였다. 이러한 문제점에 대하여 본 논문에서 제시한 OT 모델은 해결책을 제시해 주고 있다. OT 모델의 효과는 조직의 목표에 맞게 최적화된 개선 방법을 제공하는 것이고, 제공된 방법을 사용하여 수행할 경우 프로젝트를 개선할 때 생기는 리스크를 감소시킬 수 있다는 점이다. 또한, 정성적인 설문서를 통해 모든 스테이크 홀더들에게 중요도를 입력받아 계산되었으므로, 개선 방법에 대한 만족도를 높여 줄 수 있다. OT 활용에 의해서 품질, 납기, 공정, 재사용을 조정하여 시장 확장과 재무성과를 최적화시킬 수 있다.

대우한국시상령수차대적연구(对于韩国时尚零售借贷的研究) (An Exploratory Study on Fashion Retail Borrowing in Korea)

  • Lee, Mi-Young;Kim, K.P. Johnson
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제20권1호
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    • pp.70-79
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    • 2010
  • 现在已有一些旨在解决韩国不道德消费行为的研究, 然而大部分研究把重心放在购买假冒伪劣产品或者入店行窃上. 服装的高额回报率和曾经的服装回扣被认为是时尚产业的问题领域. 然而, 很少研究者致力于这一问题的解决. 因此, 本研究目的在于, 通过使用一种混合的方法路径来探讨消费者零售借贷的经验. 实验一主要通过小组面谈的方式来探讨韩国消费者零售借贷的经验. 实验二通过在线调查的结果显示服装消费者对于零售借贷行为的态度. 调查结果促进了研究人员和从业人员对于零售借贷行为的理解, 同时也深入洞察了服装零售业中的零售借贷问题. 在研究1中, 我们把在过去一年中有零售借贷行为的人分成七组进行五次集中讨论. 参加了这次讨论的韩国消费者中, 有35个在大城市居住. 大部分消费者都是20来岁(21岁), 且以女性居多(24个). 大部分的参与者从一个零售商处购进一批服装, 然后对旧的衣物不是要求全额退款就是就是要求将旧的衣物更换成新的. 零售借贷行为的动机包括社会需要, 工作需要, 时尚需要和 "智能购物" 的理念. 与其他国家现有的研究的结论相似, 在分析时装商店的零售借贷现象时, 最经常被提到的原因是社会需要. 而消费者的道德价值观, 对大公司的态度, 以往的借贷消费经历, 也被认为是影响消费者的零售借贷行为的可能因素. 在研究2中, 收集数据的问卷是基于第一部分研究的成果和其他现有研究结果设计的. 问卷的问题主要关注消费者的道德信仰, 寻求刺激的倾向, 自我价值, 过去的零售工作经验, 零售贷款的经验, 以及他们的一些群体特征等等. 数据的收集是由首尔一家商业网络研究公司的在线调查小组来完成的. 为了保证样本的多样化和有效性, 该公司设计了这样的抽样配额(男: 女= 1:1, 20岁: 30岁: 40岁= 1:1:1, 零售经验: 没有零售经验= 1:3). 共有401个在前6个月有过购买服装经历的消费者参加了这次网上调查. 结果显示19.7%的受访者都表示他们曾经有过借贷购买时尚商品的经历. 在这些受访者中, 男性借贷人约占57%, 多于女性借贷人. 通过年龄的分布来看, x2 显示在拥有或者没有零售借贷经历的受访人之间存在着统计学上的差异: 有41.8%的受访者是在40岁的时候拥有零售借贷经历, 而那些没有零售借贷经历的受访者大约分布在20岁到40岁之间. 在收入方面, 拥有或者没有零售借贷经历的受访者之间也有很大的不同: 前者较于后者, 收入要高一些. T测试主要是在有或者没有零售借贷经验的受访者之间进行比较, 对比他们的时尚购物行为, 道德信念, 感觉寻求的倾向和对零售借贷行为的态度. 与那些没有借贷经验的受访者相比, 有经验者更趋向于频繁的购买时尚物品或者花费更多的钱用在购买时尚物品上. 有借贷购买经验的顾客往往比无经验者有更高的寻求新奇刺激的倾向. 一份回馈的分析表明对于时尚物品零售借贷购买的态度和顾客的道德信仰呈负相关, 但是与每月购买时尚物品的频率, 对新奇事物感觉趋向的走势以及过去的时尚物品零售借贷的经验呈正相关. 在这些变数之中, 过往的零售借贷经验是最重要的预测因素, 道德信念紧随其后. 本次研究作为初次尝试旨在了解零售借贷行为基础背后的动机和影响这些行为的要素. 这次研究的结果可以使我们对消费者零售借贷行为有更深一步的理解, 并为解决方法提供一个基础, 以帮助减少零售借贷行为和时装零售商店的不适当回扣. 这个结果也可以长期为消费者教育提供资料. 为了更好的理解时尚零售借贷行为, 未来还有更多的研究亟待进行.

가정간호사업 운용을 위한 정보전달체계 개발 I (가정간호 데이터베이스 구축과 뇌졸중 환자의 가정간호 전산개발) (Development of the Information Delivery System for the Home Nursing Service)

  • 박정호;김매자;홍경자;한경자;박성애;윤순녕;이인숙;조현;방경숙
    • 가정∙방문간호학회지
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    • 제4권
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    • pp.5-22
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    • 1997
  • The purpose of the study was to development an information delivery system for the home nursing service, to demonstrate and to evaluate the efficiency of it. The period of research conduct was from September 1996 to August 31, 1997. At the 1st stage to achieve the purpose, Firstly Assessment tool for the patients with cerebral vascular disease who have the first priority of HNS among the patients with various health problems at home was developed through literature review. Secondly, after identification of patient nursing problem by the home care nurse with the assessment tool, the patient's classification system developed by Park (1988) that was 128 nursing activities under 6 categories was used to identify the home care nurse's activities of the patient with CAV at home. The research team had several workshops with 5 clinical nurse experts to refine it. At last 110 nursing activities under 11 categories for the patients with CVA were derived. At the second stage, algorithms were developed to connect 110 nursing activities with the patient nursing problems identified by assessment tool. The computerizing process of the algorithms is as follows: These algorithms are realized with the computer program by use of the software engineering technique. The development is made by the prototyping method, which is the requirement analysis of the software specifications. The basic features of the usability, compatibility, adaptability and maintainability are taken into consideration. Particular emphasis is given to the efficient construction of the database. To enhance the database efficiency and to establish the structural cohesion, the data field is categorized with the weight of relevance to the particular disease. This approach permits the easy adaptability when numerous diseases are applied in the future. In paralleled with this, the expandability and maintainability is stressed through out the program development, which leads to the modular concept. However since the disease to be applied is increased in number as the project progress and since they are interrelated and coupled each other, the expand ability as well as maintainability should be considered with a big priority. Furthermore, since the system is to be synthesized with other medical systems in the future, these properties are very important. The prototype developed in this project is to be evaluated through the stage of system testing. There are various evaluation metrics such as cohesion, coupling and adaptability so on. But unfortunately, direct measurement of these metrics are very difficult, and accordingly, analytical and quantitative evaluations are almost impossible. Therefore, instead of the analytical evaluation, the experimental evaluation is to be applied through the test run by various users. This system testing will provide the viewpoint analysis of the user's level, and the detail and additional requirement specifications arising from user's real situation will be feedback into the system modeling. Also. the degree of freedom of the input and output will be improved, and the hardware limitation will be investigated. Upon the refining, the prototype system will be used as a design template. and will be used to develop the more extensive system. In detail. the relevant modules will be developed for the various diseases, and the module will be integrated by the macroscopic design process focusing on the inter modularity, generality of the database. and compatibility with other systems. The Home care Evaluation System is comprised of three main modules of : (1) General information on a patient, (2) General health status of a patient, and (3) Cerebrovascular disease patient. The general health status module has five sub modules of physical measurement, vitality, nursing, pharmaceutical description and emotional/cognition ability. The CVA patient module is divided into ten sub modules such as subjective sense, consciousness, memory and language pattern so on. The typical sub modules are described in appendix 3.

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티타늄에 대한 레진과 도재의 결합 강도에 관한 연구 (The study on the shear bond strength of resin and porcelain to Titanium)

  • 박지만;김영순;전슬기;박은진
    • 대한치과보철학회지
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    • 제47권1호
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    • pp.46-52
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    • 2009
  • 연구목적: 최근 임플란트 상부보철물의 주재료로서 티타늄의 수요가 증가하고 있고, 급속도로 발전하고 있는 CAD/CAM (computer - aided design/computer-aided manufacturing) 기술이 접목되어 티타늄을 절삭하여 제작하는 방법이 주목을 받고 있으며 치과 임상에서 점점 그 영역이 넓어지고 있다. 다만, 하나의 티타늄괴를 절삭하여 만드는 방법의 특성상 기계적 유지력을 얻을 수 있는 비드 등을 형성할 수 없고, 통상적인 재료인 금 합금이나 도재용 합금 주조체에 비해 도재와의 결합력도 떨어지는 것이 보완해야 할 점으로 지적되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 절삭형 티타늄을 이용한 보철물 제작에 많이 사용되고 있는 열중합 의치상 레진, 간접 복합 레진, 도재와 Grade II 순수 티타늄 사이의 결합 강도를 비교 평가해 보고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 지름 9 mm, 높이 10 mm의 Grade II 순수 티타늄 원통형 시편 37개를 3군으로 나누어 각각 직경 7 mm, 높이 1 mm의 열중합 의치상 레진 (Lucitone 199, DENTSPLY Trubyte, York, USA), 간접 복합 레진 (Sinfony, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany), 도재 (Triceram, Dentaurum, Ispringen, Germany)와 결합시켰다. 시편은 $5-55^{\circ}C$에서 1000회 열순환 처리 후, 범용 시험기 (Instron, Universal Testing Machine, Model 4465, USA)를 이용하여 1 mm/min의 속도로 하중을 가하여 전단결합강도를 측정하였다. 파절된 단면의 양상을 관찰하고 각 군별 파절양상을 조사하였다. 측정값은 one-way ANOVA와 Scheffe's multiple range test (${\alpha}=0.05$)로 분석하였다. 결과: 열중합 의치상 레진인 Lucitone 199 ($17.82{\pm}5.13\;MPa$)의 결합 강도가 가장 높았으며, 도재인 Triceram ($12.97{\pm}2.11\;MPa$), 복합레진인 Sinfony ($6.00{\pm}1.31\;MPa$) 순으로 감소하였다. Lucitone 199와 Sinfony 군의 파절 양상은 대부분이 부착성 파절인 데에 반해 Triceram 군에서는 복합성 파절이 많았다. 결론: CAD/CAM을 이용한 절삭형 티타늄 구조물 상방에 전장용 심미 재료로는 열중합형 의치상 레진이 가장 강한 결합 강도를 보인다. 기존의 주조체의 유지구 등에서 얻는 강도에 비해 약하고, 부착성 파절이 많은 점 등은 향후 이들 재료와 티타늄간의 결합력을 높이기 위한 보다 많은 연구가 이루어져야 할 것을 시사한다.

심미적 포스트 코어의 종류에 따른 미세누출에 관한 연구 (Microleakage of endodontically treated teeth restored with three different esthetic post and cores)

  • 박지근;박지만;박은진
    • 대한치과보철학회지
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    • 제47권1호
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    • pp.53-60
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    • 2009
  • 연구목적: 오늘날 심미적 요구의 증가로 치아색 포스트 코어에 대한 많은 관심이 모아지고 있으며 다양한 연구가 진행 중이다. 현재 화이버 포스트 (ParaPost fiber White, Coltene Whaledent, Cuyahoga Falls, USA), 지르코니아 포스트 (CosmoPost, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schann, Germany) 등에 관한 논문은 다소 나와 있으나 요즘 여러 분야에서 관심을 받고 있는 CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing) 방식으로 지르코니아를 가공한 절삭형 지르코니아 포스트 코어에 대한 연구는 많지 않은 실정이다. 이 연구의 목적은 CAD/CAM을 이용한 지르코니아를 비롯하여 근관치료된 치아에서 사용된 세 가지 다른 치아색 포스트 코어에 대해 미세누출 (microleakage)을 비교해 보는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 발치된 건전한 상악 절치 27개를 채택하여 백악법랑질경계 (CEJ)에서 절단하여 근관치료를 시행하고, 세군 (각 9개)으로 나누었다. 각군들은 화이버 포스트와 콤포짓트 레진 코어 (1군), 지르코니아 포스트와 열가압형 세라믹 코어 (2군), CAD/CAM 절삭형 지르코니아 포스트 코어 (3군)로 수복하였다. $5-55^{\circ}C$ 1000회 열순환 처리 (thermocycling)를 시행하고, 2% 메틸렌 블루로 $37^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 염색하였다. 치아장축과 평행하게 순설방향으로 절단하여 미세누출을 현미경과 컴퓨터 프로그램을 사용하여 분석을 하였다. 데이터는 one-way ANOVA와 Scheffe's multiple range test (${\alpha}=0.05$)로 분석하였다. 결과: 모든 군에서 미세누출을 보였으며, 지르코니아 포스트와 열가압형 세라믹 코어군 (2군)에서 치근계면 입구에서는 다소 많은 미세누출을 보였으나 포스트 끝에 이르러서는 거의 미세누출이 없는 결과를 보였다. 화이버 포스트와 콤포짓트 레진 코어군 (1군)과CAD/CAM 절삭형 지르코니아 포스트 코어군 (3군)에서는 부위별로 균등한 미세누출을 보였다. 결론: 화이버 포스트와 콤포짓트 레진 코어군, 지르코니아 포스트와 열가압형 세라믹 코어군, CAD/CAM 절삭형 지르코니아 포스트 코어군 모두에서 미세누출을 보였고, 이 중에서 지르코니아 포스트와 열가압형 세라믹 코어군이 좀 더 큰 미세누출에 대한 저항성을 보였으며 화이버 포스트와 콤포짓트 레진 코어군, CAD/CAM 절삭형 지르코니아 포스트 코어군은 유사한 양상을 보였으나, 각 실험군 간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 인정되지 않았다. (P>.05)