• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.27-42
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the changes of childcare expenses and private education expenses caused by target expanding the childcare subsidy policy and its relationship to household income. Methods: The study analyzed data of the Korean Welfare Panel Study from 2009, before the universal childcare policy was enforced, to 2013, when the universal childcare policy was enforced. Results and Conclusion: The results of analysis were as follows. First, while childcare expenses, private education expenses, and their ratios to household income showed a tendency of gradual decline, the graphs of childcare and private education expenses were symmetric. Second, there were differences in childcare and private education expenses among income classes. Third, in 2009, before the universal childcare policy was enforced, household income affected childcare and private expenses. Lastly, in 2013, after the universal childcare policy was implemented, household income had a greater effect on private education expenses, while the effect of household income on childcare expenses became insignificant.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.85-92
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• 2022

In previous private education expenses were concentrated only on expenses for elementary, middle, and high school students. Therefore, it is difficult to understand the actual condition of preschool children's private education expenses. To solve this problem, we analyze the 2013 and 2020 data of the Korea Welfare Panel to confirm the private education expenditures of pre-school children. Also, we examine the differences and changes in private education expenditures according to household variables. We selected the household variable as the socio-demographic variable of the study subject. We defined the household variable as the area and income of the household. We show the actual results of private education expenses for household variables using frequency analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, t-test, and one-way ANOVA of SPSS 27.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1457-1469
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• 2017

Private education expenses is one of the key issues in Korea and there have been many discussions about it. Academically, most of previous researches for private education expenses have used multiple regression linear model based on ordinary least squares (OLS) method. However, if the data do not satisfy the basic assumptions of the OLS method such as the normality and homoscedasticity, there is a problem with the reliability of estimations of parameters. In this case, quantile regression model is preferred to OLS model since it does not depend on the assumptions of nonnormality and heteroscedasticity for the data. In the present study, the data from a survey on private education expenses, conducted by Statistics Korea in 2015 has been analyzed for investigation of the impacting factors for private education expenses. Since the data do not satisfy the OLS assumptions, quantile regression model has been employed in Bayesian approach by using gibbs sampling method. The analysis results show that the gender of the student, parent's age, and the time and cost of participating after school are not significant. Household income is positively significant in proportion to the same size for all levels (quantiles) of private education expenses. Spending on private education in Seoul is higher than other regions and the regional difference grows as private education expenditure increases. Total time for private education and student's achievement have positive effect on the lower quantiles than the higher quantiles. Education level of father is positively significant for midium-high quantiles only, but education level of mother is for all but low quantiles. Participating after school is positively significant for the lower quantiles but EBS textbook cost is positively significant for the higher quantiles.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.5-34
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• 2011

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the policies for reducing private tutoring expenditure in Roh Mu Hyun and Lee Myeong Bak Government using Causal Loop analysis based on the Systems Thinking perspective. The results are as follows. First, high educational achievers receive more private tutoring than lowers and children who have rich parents have better chance to take private tutoring than the others. It reflects the social characteristics which emphasize the academic ability and educational background. Second, two governments implemented educational policies to control the private tutoring expenditure as balancing loops ; strengthening public education, providing after school programs and EBS KSAT teaching and improving the entrance exam of university. Third, they overlooked the unintended feedback loops coming from 1) incongruity between causes and countermeasures of shadow education 2) wrong perception of substitutional relationship between public education and shadow education 3) side effect of the policy increasing the weight of student record 4) problems of diversifying high schools 5) dilemma of easing the burden of testing through admission officer system. The conclusion is that policies of reducing the private education expenses have failed because two governments don't consider unintended Feedback Loops in the process of making education policies. So we have to make policies based on Systems Thinking and reducing private education expenses should not be the purpose of strengthening the public education.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.193-206
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• 2011

Due to the great impact of private education expenses on many areas including economics and politics, reducing private education expenses is one of the key issues in Korea. In this paper, we analyze the data from a survey on private education expenses, conducted by Statistics, Korea, in 2008. We study the effect of some demographic variables on two dependent variables, the expenses for out-of-school private education (Private) and the expenses for after-school programs (Afterschool), by using a multiple linear regression model. The analysis results show that 'residential area' and 'school level' variables have a significant effect on the two dependent variables. 'Private' increases in the order of small town, middle town, or metropolitan city, and Seoul, by about 7%. On the other hand, 'Afterschool' are about the same for all areas except for the small town. In terms of the effect of 'school level', 'Private' for high school students is about 17% larger than all other students including professional high school students. This shows a strong correlation between university admission and private education, in Korea. 'Afterschool' is larger for high school and elementary school students and decreases in the order of professional school students and middle school students. It seems that after-school programs are alternatives to expensive private education programs for elementary school students, and that high school students are attracted to after-school programs to get a good GPA, which is important for university admissions.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.159-182
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between household income, consumption wants for education, private education expenses, and old-age economic preparation behaviors in mothers with school-aged children. The participants in this study comprised 393 mothers living with children aged 8.19 in Daegu. All participants had wage-earning husbands. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. Factor analysis was conducted using SPSS and structural regression analysis was performed using AMOS. The main results of this study were as follows: The participants' old-age economic preparation behaviors were influenced by their household income, the proportion of private education expenditures they paid, and the perceived burden the participants had of these private education expenditures. The consumption wants for education in mothers with school-aged children had no significant impact on the proportion of private education expenditures paid by the participants. Household income, proportion of private education expenditures, and perceived burden of the private education expenditures had a direct effect on the old-age economic preparation behaviors of the participants. When the perceived burden of the private education expenditures was mediated, the consumption wants for education in mothers with school-aged children had an indirect effect on their old-age economic preparation behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.243-259
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• 2021

This study examines trends by school level, region, subject, and type centered on elementary schools when private education is perceived as a social problem due to the overheating of private education and its over-dependence. This study aims to provide a direction to ease the school mathematics education and meet the expectations of school mathematics education. As a result of this study, in mathematics subjects, the graph of private education expenses for mathematics subjects was not affected by the period and showed a somewhat consistent linear trend. In other words, we found that the private education cost of the mathematics subject was solid compared to other factors, and was not significantly affected by external variables, and was consistent. It is meaningful to examine the trends of private education costs in mathematics subjects with a comparison between the past and present and to grasp what factors and how they have changed and developed.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.73-101
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• 2012

This study attempts to assess the effects of childcare facilities and private education expenses on birth rate and also, to examine whether or not the quality and reliability of childcare facilities affect birth rate. Private education expenses are proxied by the number of private educational institutes or their employees. The study measures the quality and reliability of childcare facilities either by the number of employees per childcare facility or by the ratio of childcare facilities with less than 10 employees to total facilities. Empirical analysis is carried out with a cross-sectional data of 232 areas (si/gun/gu) in 2009. Empirical results indicate that the number of childcare facilities or their employees tended to increase birth rate, while private educational expenses had no effects on birth rate. It appears that the presence of good and reliable childcare facilities contributed to an increase in birth rate. The results provide several policy implications for an increase in fertility.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.135-157
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of household income, education needs, private education expenses and expenditures of preparation for old age for mothers of school-aged children and to discover the causal relationships among these variables. The subjects in this study were gathered from among 393 mothers living in Daegu with school-aged children from 8 to 19 years old and with wage-earner husbands. The research tool was a questionnaires which addressed the general characteristics of the subjects, household income, the scale of education needs, the scale of private education expenditures, the scale of perceived burden of private education, and the scale of expenditures of preparation for old age. In order to analyze the study data, factor analysis, and regression analysis using SPSS were used, and structural path analysis using AMOS was used. The main results of this study were as follow: First, the greater the household income, the greater the education needs. Second, household income and education needs had no significant influences on private education expenditures. Third, education needs and private education expenditures turned out to have significant effects on the perceived burden of private education expenditures. Fourth, expenditures of preparation for old age among mothers of school-aged children was influenced by the education needs, private education expenditures and perceived burden of private education expenditures. The household income of mothers of school-aged children had no significant influence on private education expenditures. Finally, education needs, private education expenditures and perceived burden of private education expenditures for mothers of school-aged children had a direct effect on the expenditures of preparations for old age. On the other hand, in mediating education needs, household income of these mothers had an indirect effect on expenditures of preparations for old age. The perceived burden of private education expenditures turned out to have the biggest total effect on the preparations for old age of mothers with school-aged children.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.189-207
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• 2013

This study was to examine current situations and factors related to private learning expenses. A household survey involving a nationally representative sample of 976 households and 1,648 3-5 year old children was conducted. The questionnaire was comprised of two parts; the first part investigated the demographic and socio-economic status of the parents. The second part inquired as to the type and cost of private education, during the month of June, 2012. Data were analyzed by chi-square, one-way ANOVA and multiple regression analyses. The findings of the study were: First, 86.7% of parents of pre-school children used private learning. Second, private learning expenses were estimated to be 129,700 Won for 3~5 year old children. And older children and children from higher income and full-time homemaker families used more private learning. Thirds, Income and the child's age affected private learning expenses. Policy measures were suggested based on the findings as follows: Institutional infrastructure should be established: Strong support for national curriculum and the development and dissemination of special programs is needed.