• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.206-212
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• 2009

This study presents the compact zoom lens with a zoom ratio of 5x for a mobile camera by using a prism. The lens modules and aberrations are applied to the initial design for a four-group inner-focus zoom system. An initial design with a focal length range of 4.4 to 22.0 mm is derived by assigning the first-order quantities and third-order aberrations to each module along with the constraints required for optimum solutions. We separately designed a real lens for each group and then combined them to establish an actual zoom system. The combination of the separately designed groups results in a system that satisfies the basic properties of the zoom system consisting of the original lens modules. In order to have a slim system, we directly inserted the right-angle prism in front of the first group. This configuration resulted in a more compact zoom system with a depth of 8 mm. The finally designed zoom lens has an f-number of 3.5 to 4.5 and is expected to fulfill the requirements for a slim mobile zoom camera having high zoom ratio of 5x.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.21-33
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• 2015

This study aimed to present a reinforced concrete block system that reduces the flange thickness of the existing form block used in new buildings and optimizes the web form, and can thus capable of being used in the seismic retrofit of new and existing buildings. By conducting a compression test and finite element analysis based on the block and grouted concrete strength, it attempted to determine the compression capacity of the form block that can be used in new construction and seismic retrofit. As a result, the comparison of the strength equation from Architectural Institute of Japan to the prism compression test showed that the mortar coefficient of 0.55 was suitable instead of 0.75 recommended in the equation. The stress-strain relation of the block was proposed as a bi-linear model based on the compression test result of the single form block. Using the proposed model, finite element analysis was conducted on the prism specimens, and it was shown that the proposed model predicted the compression behavior of the form block appropriately.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2013

Fractal theory has been adopted as an effective tool for modelling complex and irregular natural phenomena facing in the fields of Computer Science, Engineering, Medical, Climatology and so on. In this paper, we presents an algorithm which enhances the performance of the triangular prism method(TPM) which has been widely used for fractal dimension extraction of natural terrains and images. For this, existing sampling methods are analyzed and a new sampling method which takes their merits is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is tested on fractal terrain maps and its performance is compared with that of other methods.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.573-594
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• 2016

Simultaneous pressure measurements on 2D square prisms with various corner modifications were performed in uniform flow with low turbulence level, and the testing Reynolds numbers varied from $1.0{\times}10^5$ to $4.8{\times}10^5$. Experimental models were a square prism, three chamfered-corner square prisms (B/D=5%, 10%, and 15%, where B is the chamfered corner dimension and D is the cross-sectional dimension), and six rounded-corner square prisms (R/D =5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, where R is the corner radius). Experimental results of drag coefficients, wind pressure distributions, power spectra of aerodynamic force coefficients, and Strouhal numbers are presented. Ten models are divided into various categories according to the variations of mean drag coefficients with Reynolds number. The mean drag coefficients of models with $B/D{\leq}15%$ and $R/D{\leq}15%$ are unaffected by the Reynolds number. On the contrary, the mean drag coefficients of models with R/D=20%, 30%, and 40% are obviously dependent on Reynolds number. Wind pressure distributions around each model are analyzed according to the categorized results.The influence mechanisms of corner modifications on the aerodynamic characteristics of the square prism are revealed from the perspective of flow around the model, which can be obtained by analyzing the local pressures acting on the model surface.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.231-242
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• 2016

The major problem of a coal combustion-based power plant is that it creates large quantity of solid wastes. So, to achieve the gainful use of waste materials and to avoid other environmental problems, this study was undertaken. The quantity of coal ash by-products, particularly coal fly ash and coal bottom ash has been increasing from the coal power plants around the world. The other objective of this study was to explore the possibility of utilization of coal ash in the production of ash bricks. In 15 different mixes, Mix Designation M-1 to M-15, the varying percentages of lime and gypsum were used and sand was replaced with coal bottom ash. Further, it has been noticed that the water absorption and compressive strength of mix M-15 is 13.36% and 7.85 MPa which is better than the conventional bricks. The test results of this investigation show that the prism strength of coal ash masonry prisms was more than that of the conventional bricks.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.37-50
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• 1980

Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) examination on the labial surface of 91 permanent upper incisors were made after etching procedure with phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydro chloric acid, oxalic acid, formic acid, citric acid and zinc phosphate liquid for 2 minutes. Following results were obtained. 1. In the surfaces etched by 10%. 50% phosphoric acid, 50% sulfuric acid, 10%. 30% nitric acid, 10%. 50% oxalic acid, 10%. 30%. 50% formic acid, 30%. 50% citric acid and zinc phosphate liquid, there appeared to be a preferential removal of prism cores, but in the surfaces etched by 10% phosphoric acid, 50% nitric acid, 10%. 30% hydrochloric acid and 30% oxalic acid, the prism peripheries were removed preferentially. 2. According to Silverstone classification on enamel etching pattern the surface treated by zinc phosphate liquid, 30. 50% citric acid, 10%. 30%. 50% formic acid, 10%. 50% oxalic acid, 10%. 30% nitric acid, 50% sulfuric acid and 10%. 50%. phosphoric acid showed Type 1, and etched by 30% oxalic acid, 10%. 30% hydrochloric acid, 50% nitric acid and 10% phosphoric acid showed Type II. Etching of prism cores was by far the most common occurence. The changes produced could be related to intrinsic differences in histology and / or solubility of enamel.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.502-503
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 TFT-LCD(Thin Film Transistor-Liquid Crystal Display)의 배경광원인 BLU(Back Light Unit)의 고효율화, 고품질화를 통한 원가 절감을 달성하기 위해 BLU의 대표적 핵심부품중에 하나인 프리즘 시트를 사용하지 않는 구조의 MNT용 BLU를 개발하는데 목적을 두었다. 고효율의 BLU를 만들기위하여 17인치 BLU의 도광판의 상, 하면에 Prism 형상을 구현하였으며, 광학적 시뮬레이션을 통하여 먼저 가능성을 검토하였고, UV에 반응하는 Resin을 경화시키는 방법을 이용하여 일반 도광판에 프리즘형상을 각인(Imprint)시키는 방법으로 실물을 재현하였다. 실험 결과 프리즘 시트를 사용하지 않는 구조의 MNT용 17인치 BLU에서 중심휘도 4,984nit, 균일도 70% 달성하였다.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.140-146
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• 2018

In this paper, mesoscale optical surface structures are found to possess both geometric and wave optics features. The study reveals that geometric optic analysis cannot correctly predict the experimental results of light transmission or reflection by mesoscale optical structures, and that, for reliable analyses, a hybrid approach incorporating both geometric and wave optic theories should be employed. By analyzing the transmission patterns generated by the mesoscale periodic pyramid prism plates, we show that the wave optic feature is mainly ascribed to the edge diffraction effect and we estimate the relative contributions of the wave optic diffraction effect and the geometric refraction effect to the total scattering field distribution with respect to the relative dimension of the structures.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.191-209
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• 2023

This work investigates the subcritical free-shear prism wake at Re=22,000 by the Koopman analysis using the Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) algorithm. The Koopman model linearized nonlinearities in the stochastic, homogeneous anisotropic turbulent wake, generating temporally orthogonal eigen tuples that carry meaningful, coherent structures. Phenomenological analysis of dominant modes revealed their physical interpretations: Mode 1 renders the mean-field dynamics, Modes 2 describes the roll-up of the Strouhal vortex, Mode 3 describes the Bloor-Gerrard vortex resulting from the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability inside shear layers, its superposition onto the Strouhal vortex, and the concurrent flow entrainment, Modes 6 and 10 describe the low-frequency shedding of turbulent separation bubbles (TSBs) and turbulence production, respectively, which contribute to the beating phenomenon in the lift time history and the flapping motion of shear layers, Modes 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 are the relatively trivial harmonic excitations. This work demonstrates the Koopman analysis' ability to provide insights into free-shear flows. Its success in subcritical turbulence also serves as an excellent reference for applications in other nonlinear, stochastic systems.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.57-78
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• 2023

In this study, a generalized three-degree-of-freedom (3-DoF) analytical model is formulated to predict linear aerodynamic instabilities of a prism under quasi-steady (QS) conditions. The prism is assumed to possess a generic cross-section exposed to turbulent wind flow. The 3-DoFs encompass two orthogonal horizontal directions and rotation about the prism body axis. Inertial coupling is considered to account for the non-coincidence of the mass center and the rotation center. The aerodynamic force coefficients-drag, lift, and moment-depend on the Reynolds number based on relative flow velocity, angle of attack, and the angle between the wind and the cable. Aerodynamic forces are linearized with respect to the static equilibrium configuration and mean wind velocity. Routh-Hurwitz and Liénard and Chipart criteria are used in the eigenvalue problem, yielding an analytical solution for instabilities in galloping and static divergence types. Additionally, the minimum structural damping and stiffness required to prevent these instabilities are numerically determined. The proposed 3-DoF instability model is subsequently applied to a conductor with ice accretion and a full-scale dry inclined cable. In comparison to existing models, the developed model demonstrates superior prediction accuracy for unstable regions compared with results in wind tunnel tests.