• Title/Summary/Keyword: principle of increase and decrease

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Reorganization of Large Purse Seine Fisheries in Korea and Japan (한국과 일본 근해선망어업의 자원이용과 어업재편에 관한 연구)

  • 김대영;김병호
    • The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.127-152
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    • 2002
  • This study intends to review the development of Large Purse Seine Fisheries in Korea and Japan, and subsequent changes in the fisheries regime as well as management conditions and to examine reorganization directions. In the Northeast Asian Fishing Area, each country has done mutual operation, which causes the fishery competition and controls fishery development. Besides, Exclusive Economic Zon(EEZ) established in 1996 resulted in the prominent changes of fishery development as well as fishery relationship among each country, demands reorganization of fisheries. In the Large Purse Seine fisheries, Korea and Japan are not decreasing, they are stable. In other words, the increase in one country does not necessarily make the decrease in the other country. This is a difference from the case of the bottom fishery. Japan is the highest in the cost, the management is getting worse due to decreasing fish price and shortage of labor. In the case of Korea, the stagnant productivity has been compensated by the rising fish price, but the fishery of low productivity to cut down the size. In addition, during the 1990s the environment of fishery is getting worse because of the free import fishery, shortage of labor, etc. Following the new fisheries paradigm, each country should reorganize its fisheries structure. The principle for reorganization of fisheries structure in each country should be focused on the establishment of sustainable fisheries. The reorganization of fisheries structure for each country by EEZ establishment does not mean only dividing fishing ground and fisheries resources by countries, but means that countries should cooperate together in fisheries management for long-run benefits from fisheries.

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Measuring the Effects of the Uniform Settlement Rate Requirement in the International Telephone Industry

  • LEE, SUIL
    • KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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    • v.42 no.1
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    • pp.57-95
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    • 2020
  • As a case study of an ex-post evaluation of regulations, in this paper I evaluate the 'uniform settlement rate requirement', a regulation that was introduced in 1986 and that was applied to the international telephone market in the U.S. for more than 20 years. In a bilateral market between the U.S. and a foreign country, each U.S. firm and its foreign partner jointly provide international telephone service in both directions, compensating each other for terminating incoming calls to their respective countries. The per-minute compensation amount for providing the termination service, referred to as the settlement rate, is determined by a bargaining process involving the two firms. In principle, each U.S. firm could have a different settlement rate for the same foreign country. In 1986, however, the Federal Communications Commission introduced the Uniform Settlement Rate Requirement (USRR), which required all U.S. firms to pay the same settlement rate to a given foreign country. The USRR significantly affected the relative bargaining positions of the U.S. and foreign firms, thereby changing negotiated settlement rates. This paper identifies two main routes through which the settlement rates are changed by the implementation of the USRR: the Competition-Induced-Incentive Effect and the Most-Favored-Nation Effect. I then empirically evaluate the USRR by estimating a bargaining model and conducting counterfactual experiments aimed at measuring the size of the two effects of the USRR. The experiments show remarkably large impacts due to the USRR. Requiring a uniform settlement rate, for instance, results in an average 32.2 percent increase in the negotiated settlement rates and an overall 13.7 percent ($3.43 billion) decrease in the total surplus in the U.S. These results provide very strong evidence against the implementation of the USRR in the 1990s and early 2000s.

The Implementation of the Real-Time Active Noise Control System for Attenuating the Engine Noise in a Car (자동차 실내에서의 엔진 소음 감쇠를 위한 실시간 능동 소음 제어 시스템의 구현)

  • Kwon, Oh-Sang;Cha, Il-Whan
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.16 no.4
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    • pp.11-20
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    • 1997
  • The passive noise control techniques used until now cancel the noise in terms of the characteristics of materials, which increase the mass and the dimension and have a limit that is effective only to attenuate the high frequency components of the noise. But the active noise control techniques developed in recent years have merits that they decrease the mass and the dimension and are effective to attenuating the low frequency noises. In this paper, the real-time active noise control system attenuating the engine booming noise in a car using the digital signal processing(DSP) techniques in terms of the principle of active noise control. The multiple-error filtered-x LMS(Least-Mean Square) algorithm is used as the adaptive algorithm for active noise control and is implemented using the DSP processor Motorola DSP56001 as a controller. According to the result that the experiments are performed for the engine as the RPM changes in a car, the noise attenuating performances are achieved in an overall car interior and is verified to be 20 dB higher for pure-tone and globally, 15 dB.

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Gesture Recognition Using Zernike Moments Masked By Duel Ring (이중 링 마스크 저니키 모멘트를 이용한 손동작 인식)

  • Park, Jung-Su;Kim, Tae-Yong
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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    • v.50 no.10
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    • pp.171-180
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    • 2013
  • Generally, when we apply zernike moments value for matching, we can use those moments value obtained from projecting image information under circumscribed circle to zernike basis function. However, the problem is that the power of discrimination can be reduced because hand images include lots of overlapped information due to its special characteristic. On the other hand, when distinguishing hand poses, information in specific area of image information except for overlapped information can increase the power of discrimination. In this paper, in order to solve problems like those, we design R3 ring mask by combining image obtained from R2 ring mask, which can weight information of the power of discrimination and image obtained from R1 ring mask, which eliminate the overlapped information. The moments which are obtained by R3 ring mask decrease operational time by reducing dimension through principle component analysis. In order to confirm the superiority of the suggested method, we conducted some experiments by comparing our method to other method using seven different hand poses.

A Study on the Ethical Basis of Global Citizenship Idea as a Theory on Global Justice - Focusing on Rawls' Liberal Internationalism and Cosmopolitan Republicanism (지구적 정의론으로서 지구시민권구상의 윤리학적 기초에 대한 연구 - Rawls의 자유주의적 국제주의와 코즈모폴리턴 공화주의를 중심으로-)

  • Sim, Sangyong
    • Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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    • v.65 no.4
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    • pp.295-315
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    • 2013
  • The purpose of this study is to analyse the ethical basis of two influential global citizenship idea - Rawls' liberal approach and cosmopolitan republicanism - as a theory on global justice. In the aspect of deontology, Rawls' view has the limit not to reflect reciprocal obligation and duty on civil right in the era of economic globalization that inequality has been structured. But cosmopolitan republicanism has the basis of deontological justification because advocates the realization of anti-domination principle at global level. In the aspect of utilitarianism, Rawls attempts to justify the logic rejecting redistribution intra nations. But cosmopolitan republicanism has the potential to decrease maleficence at global level and to increase utility level through overcoming the structured sacrifice of the citizens of developing countries.

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Measurement of Dynamic Strain of Structures Using a Gold-deposited EFPI (금 증착된 광섬유 외부 패브리-페로 간섭( EFPI ) 센서를 이용한 구조물의 동적 변형률 측정)

  • Kim, Dae-Hyeon;Gang, Hyeon-Gyu;Hong, Chang-Seon;Kim, Cheon-Gon
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.52-58
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    • 2002
  • Measurment of dynamic strain is important to monitor structural integrity. In this paper, the new type of EFPI is proposed to measure the dynamic strain. The second reflecting surface of fiber in this new sensor is deposited gold on to increase its reflectivity. So, it is called the gold-deposited EFPI (G-EFPI) in this paper. In order to explain the principle of measurement of the dynamic strain, two models for the loss of intensity are proposed and an experiment is performed. If a cavity between two reflecting surface increases, the loss of the light that passes through the cavity increases, causing a subsequent decrease in the output intensity of the sensor. Conversely, if the cavity decreases, the amount of loss decreases and the output intensity increases. Also the optimal length of the cavity is proposed to manufacture the G-EFPI with high sensitivity. Finally, the dynamic strainof a composite specimen was measured successfully using the G-EFPI.

The Effects of Intention Inferences on Scarcity Effect: Moderating Effect of Scarcity Type, Scarcity Depth (소비자의 기업의도 추론이 희소성 효과에 미치는 영향: 수량한정 유형과 폭의 조절효과)

  • Park, Jong-Chul;Na, June-Hee
    • Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.195-215
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    • 2008
  • The scarcity is pervasive aspect of human life and is a fundamental precondition of economic behavior of consumers. Also, the effect of scarcity message is a power social influence principle used by marketers to increase the subjective desirability of products. Because valuable objects are often scare, consumers tend to infer the scarce objects are valuable. Marketers often do base promotional appeals on the principle of scarcity to increase the subjective desirability their products among consumers. Specially, advertisers and retailers often promote their products using restrictions. These restriction act to constraint consumers' ability th take advantage of the promotion and can assume several forms. For example, some promotions are advertised as limited time offers, while others limit the quantity that can be bought at the deal price by employing the statements such as 'limit one per consumer,' 'limit 5 per customer,' 'limited products for special commemoration celebration,' Some retailers use statements extensively. A recent weekly flyer by a prominent retailer limited purchase quantities on 50% of the specials advertised on front page. When consumers saw these phrase, they often infer value from the product that has limited availability or is promoted as being scarce. But, the past researchers explored a direct relationship between the purchase quantity and time limit on deal purchase intention. They also don't explored that all restriction message are not created equal. Namely, we thought that different restrictions signal deal value in different ways or different mechanism. Consumers appear to perceive that time limits are used to attract consumers to the brand, while quantity limits are necessary to reduce stockpiling. This suggests other possible differences across restrictions. For example, quantity limits could imply product quality (i.e., this product at this price is so good that purchases must be limited). In contrast, purchase preconditions force the consumer to spend a certain amount to qualify for the deal, which suggests that inferences about the absolute quality of the promoted item would decline from purchase limits (highest quality) to time limits to purchase preconditions (lowest quality). This might be expected to be particularly true for unfamiliar brands. However, a critical but elusive issue in scarcity message research is the impacts of a inferred motives on the promoted scarcity message. The past researchers not explored possibility of inferred motives on the scarcity message context. Despite various type to the quantity limits message, they didn't separated scarcity message among the quantity limits. Therefore, we apply a stricter definition of scarcity message(i.e. quantity limits) and consider scarcity message type(general scarcity message vs. special scarcity message), scarcity depth(high vs. low). The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the scarcity message on the consumer's purchase intension. Specifically, we investigate the effect of general versus special scarcity messages on the consumer's purchase intention using the level of the scarcity depth as moderators. In other words, we postulates that the scarcity message type and scarcity depth play an essential moderating role in the relationship between the inferred motives and purchase intention. In other worlds, different from the past studies, we examine the interplay between the perceived motives and scarcity type, and between the perceived motives and scarcity depth. Both of these constructs have been examined in isolation, but a key question is whether they interact to produce an effect in reaction to the scarcity message type or scarcity depth increase. The perceived motive Inference behind the scarcity message will have important impact on consumers' reactions to the degree of scarcity depth increase. In relation ti this general question, we investigate the following specific issues. First, does consumers' inferred motives weaken the positive relationship between the scarcity depth decrease and the consumers' purchase intention, and if so, how much does it attenuate this relationship? Second, we examine the interplay between the scarcity message type and the consumers' purchase intention in the context of the scarcity depth decrease. Third, we study whether scarcity message type and scarcity depth directly affect the consumers' purchase intention. For the answer of these questions, this research is composed of 2(intention inference: existence vs. nonexistence)${\times}2$(scarcity type: special vs. general)${\times}2$(scarcity depth: high vs. low) between subject designs. The results are summarized as follows. First, intention inference(inferred motive) is not significant on scarcity effect in case of special scarcity message. However, nonexistence of intention inference is more effective than existence of intention inference on purchase intention in case of general scarcity. Second, intention inference(inferred motive) is not significant on scarcity effect in case of low scarcity. However, nonexistence of intention inference is more effective than existence of intention inference on purchase intention in case of high scarcity. The results of this study will help managers to understand the relative importance among the type of the scarcity message and to make decisions in using their scarcity message. Finally, this article have several contribution. First, we have shown that restrictions server to activates a mental resource that is used to render a judgment regarding a promoted product. In the absence of other information, this resource appears to read to an inference of value. In the presence of other value related cue, however, either database(i.e., scarcity depth: high vs. low) or conceptual base(i.e.,, scarcity type special vs. general), the resource is used in conjunction with the other cues as a basis for judgment, leading to different effects across levels of these other value-related cues. Second, our results suggest that a restriction can affect consumer behavior through four possible routes: 1) the affective route, through making consumers feel irritated, 2) the cognitive making route, through making consumers infer motivation or attribution about promoted scarcity message, and 3) the economic route, through making the consumer lose an opportunity to stockpile at a low scarcity depth, or forcing him her to making additional purchases, lastly 4) informative route, through changing what consumer believe about the transaction. Third, as a note already, this results suggest that we should consider consumers' inferences of motives or attributions for the scarcity dept level and cognitive resources available in order to have a complete understanding the effects of quantity restriction message.

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Case Studies and Future Prospect of Using Bulk Emulsion (에멀젼계 벌크폭약을 이용한 시공사례와 향후 전망)

  • Kim, Hee-Do;Choi, Sung-Hyun
    • Explosives and Blasting
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.64-76
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    • 2008
  • Bulk Emulsion blasts using mechanized charging system, which is generally used in foreign countries, have recently introduced and gradually increased in Korea. The Bulk Emulsion are safe and able to increase the charging density for improvement of fragmentation and advancement especially in tunneling, and minimizing environmental problem. Because of less toxic gas generation, the explosives are called, namely ech-friendly products. There are two kinds of Bulk Emulsion; one is for open cut and the other is for tunneling. According to features of blast sites and its purpose, the compositions are different, but the principle is the same. In this study, trial blasts using Bulk Emulsion for tunneling had executed at 10 sites in Korea. The major result of the major job-sites is the following. First of all, compared with cartridge explosive, Bulk Emulsion was able to increase its charging density up to $35{\sim}60%$, to decrease the blast holes to approximately $10{\sim}30%$ down, and the advancement was improved up to $8{\sim}20%$ and also 30% up in its fragmentation. Toxic gas production after cartridge blasting showed 34.44ppm of its CO. Bulk Emulsion, however, showed 20.13ppm, which was 58.45% production of the cartridge explosive, and NOx was below 2ppm. The mechanized charging system of Bulk Emulsion should be applied to large sized tunnel blasting, long advanced tunnel which can secure the advancement of over $4{\sim}5m$, and the sites required finishing rapidly.

Effect of $H_O_2$ on the Corrosion Behavior of 304L Stainless Steel ($H_O_2$ 가 304L 스텐리스강의 부식거동에 미치는 영향)

  • Song, Taek-Ho;Kim, In-Sup;Park, Sung-Ki
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.453-462
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    • 1995
  • In connection with the safe storage of high level nuclear waste, effect of $H_2O$$_2$ on the corrosion behavior of 304L stainless steel was examined. Open circuit potentials and polarization curves were measured with and without $H_2O$$_2$. The experimental results show that $H_2O$$_2$ increased corrosion potential and decreased pitting potential. The passive range, therefore, decreased as $H_2O$$_2$ concentration increased, indicating that pitting resistance was decreased by the existence of $H_2O$$_2$ in the electrolyte. These effect of $H_2O$$_2$ on corrosion of 304L stainless steel are considered to be similar to those of ${\gamma}$-irradiation. To compare the effects of $H_2O$$_2$ with those of $O_2$, cathodic and anodic polarization curves ore made in three types of electrolyte such as aerated, deaerated, and stirred electrolyte. The experimental results show that the effects of $H_2O$$_2$ on the corrosion behavior were tory similar to those of $O_2$ such as increase of corrosion potential, decrease of pitting resistance, and increase of repassivation potential. In acid and alkaline media, the corrosion potential shifts by $H_2O$$_2$ were restricted by the large current density of proton reduction and by the le Chatelier's principle respectively.y.

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Experimental Study on Electrokinetic Streaming Potential in Micropore Channels of Hollw-Fiber Based on General Helmholtz-Smoluchowski's Principle (일반적 Helmholtz-Smoluchowski 원리에 따른 중공사 미세기공 채널에서의 계면동전기 흐름전위에 관한 실험연구)

  • 전명석;조홍일
    • Membrane Journal
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.41-50
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    • 2002
  • The streaming potential generated by the electrokinetic flow within electric double layer of charged microchannel is applied to determine the zeta potential of hollow-fiber membrane pore by using the general Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation. The streaming potential is know to provide a useful real-time information on the surface property and the interaction between pore and particles in actual situations and physicochemical conditions. The influence of physicochemical parameters upon the filtration with hollow-fibers has been examined with an in-situ and simultaneously monitoring the streaming potential as well as permeate flux. In particular, the present study examined an experimental method to identify the effect of cake layer which can vary according to the axial position of a hollow-fiber and the progress of membrane fouling by measuring the position-dependent streaming potential. As the latex concentration increases, the permeate flux decreased but the streaming potential increased. The growth of cake layer has been mire developed with increasing latex concentration, however, the effect of surface charges of latexes deposited on the membrane surface leads to increase the streaming potential. With increasing ionic concentration of KCI, both the permeate flux and the streaming potential decrease. The increase of ionic concentration provides a compact cake layer due to the shrinkage of Debye length and the decreased streaming potential results from the weakened ionic flows owing to a thin diffusive double layer.