• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.185-195
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• 2017

In recent years, unexpected bridge fire accidents have increased because of augmenting the number of traffic volumes and hazardous materials by the increment in traffics and distribution business. Furthermore, in accordance with the effort of using the under space of bridges, the ratio of occupied by combustible materials like oil tanker or lorry has been increased. As a result, the occurrence of bridge fire has been growing drastically. In order to mitigate the accident of bridge fire, risk assessment of bridge fire has been studied, however, practical risk models considering safety from users' viewpoints were scarce. This study represented quantitative risk assessment model applicable to national road bridges in Korea. The primary factors with significant impacts on bridge fire accidents was chosen such as clearance height, materials of bridges, arrival time of fire truck and fire intensity. The selected factors were used for Fire Dynamics Simulation (FDS) and the peak temperature calculated by FDS in accordance with the fire duration and fire intensity. The risk assessment model in bridge fire reflected the FDS analysis results, the fire damage criteria, and the grade of fire truck arrival time was established. Response plans for bridge fire accidents according to the risk assessment output has been discussed. Lastly, distances between bridges and fire stations were calculated by GIS network analysis. Based on the suggested assessment model and methodology, sample bridges were selected and graded for the risk assessment.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.10 no.1 s.19
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• pp.57-70
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• 2007

This study is aimed at the improvement of the teaching mathematics via the use of the mathematical history based on the learning stages which are understanding the problem, seeking after and solving the problem, application and development, and understanding the homeworks. General questions of this study are as follows according to the purpose of this study: First, we develop materials to use the teaching and learning stages which are understanding the problem, seeking after and solving the problem, application and development, and understanding the homeworks. Second, we search the effective methods for using materials which are developed in this study. Third, we apply materials to the teaching and learning mathematics. To answer the problems, 1 class students of the 4th grade in Gwangju participated in this study. Teaching and learning which uses mathematical history based on the learning stages is performed. The following results were obtained in this research. First, the teaching and learning using materials which is related to mathematical history is effective in improvement of students' mathematical ability. Second, the teaching and learning using material which is related to mathematics history is effective in improvement of students' mathematical attitude. In special, mathematical attitude of students who are involved in learning using materials which is related to mathematical history is more positive than that of general students using traditional teaching methods. Lastly, generalization of newly developed materials should be done to get more development and upgrade.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.237-259
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• 2011

Mathematics learning disabilities is a specific learning disorder affecting the normal acquisition of arithmetic and spatial skills. Reported prevalence rates range from 5 to 10 percent and show high rates of comorbid disabilities, such as dyslexia and ADHD. In this study, the characteristics and the causes of this disorder has been examined. The core cause of mathematics learning disabilities is not clear yet: it can come from general cognitive problems, or disorder of innate intuitive number module could be the cause. Recently, researchers try to subdivide mathematics learning disabilities as (1) semantic/memory type, (2) procedural/skill type, (3) visuospatial type, and (4) reasoning type. Each subtype is related to specific brain areas subserving mathematical cognition. Based on these findings, the author has performed a basic research to develop grade specific diagnostic tests: number processing test and math word problems for lower grades and comprehensive math knowledge tests for the upper grades. The results should help teachers to find out prior knowledge, specific weaknesses of students, and plan personalized intervention program. The author suggest diagnostic tests are organized into 6 components. They are number sense, conceptual knowledge, arithmetic facts retrieval, procedural skills, mathematical reasoning/word problem solving, and visuospatial perception tests. This grouping will also help the examiner to figure out the processing time for each component.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.37-52
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• 2017

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the current status of a program for an elementary math class for gifted students in Daegu and to propose a remedy. The main results of this thesis are as follows. First, goals of the gifted class and the basic operation direction were satisfactory, however plans for parent training programs and self evaluation of the classes were not presented. Therefore, it needs when and how to do for specific plan of gifted class evaluation and parent training programs. Second, The annual instruction plan has been restricted to the subject matter education and field trips and has not included specific teaching methods in accordance with the contents of learning program. The management of gifted classes, therefore, requires not only the subject matter education and field trips but also output presentations, leadership programs, voluntary activities, events and camps which promote the integral development of gifted students. Third, there is no duplication of content to another grade, and various activities did not cover the whole scope of math topics(eg. number and operation, geometry, measurement, pattern) equally. In accordance with elementary mathematics characteristics, teachers should equally distribute time in whole range of mathematics while they teach students in the class because it is critical to discover gifted students throughout the whole curriculum of elementary mathematics. Fourth, as there are insufficient support and operational lack of material development, several types of programs are not utilized and balanced. It is necessary for teachers to try to find the type of teaching methods in accordance with the circumstances and content, so that students can experience several types of programs. If through this study, we can improve the development, management and quality of gifted math programs, it would further the development of gifted education.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.205-224
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• 1999

This is a study of strengthening the practice of environmental education in the primary and secondary school music program. Since the world war II, the environmental situation has been getting worse and worse. So it is now a global issue to conserve energy and solving the ecological problems we are confronting. Solving the environmental problem is not just a scientist's task nor a specific school education subject's either, but a responsibility of all human beings. In this sense, it is necessary for every school subject, including music, should include elements of environmental education in its education contents. in this paper the researcher has tried to point out some reasonable aspects of environmental education guidelines which would be pursued through school music programs. In the music subject the following eight environmental education strategies could be suggested: 1. An affective aspect of music should be used in educating students to aware of the importance of environmental problems. 2. The effectiveness of employing music for various educational purposes should be implemented to make students environmentally enlightened individual. 3. The main issue of environmental problem must be used in various musical activities such as singing, implementing, composing and appreciating music. 4. By employing an alternative materials for making musical instruments, students and musicians can participate in environmental education program actively. 5. Music is analogues to life and nature. Thus it is highly suggested for teachers to teach students music more sincerely In a way of studying music more seriously, students could achieve environmental education goals by discovering the similarities of the nature of the environment and music as a human environment. 6. By appreciating many musical works of dealing with environmental problems and ecological problems, one could achieve the necessary goals of environmental education. 7. By enlarging the boundary of music including the sounds of nature such as birds' singing, sounds of winds and various streams and tree's trembling, music could achieve the major goals of environmental education. 8. By recognizing sounds as an important human environment, school music program could attain the goals of environmental education. The researcher also has mentioned about the characteristics of music as a schooling subject. and has provided with some detailed curriculum guidelines for strengthening environmental education programs in music classes. Some model lesson plans implementing the environmental education for elementary, junior high school and 10th grade music classes are also suggested followed by six specific teaching ＆ learning methods for environmental education.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.167-191
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• 2014

In this study, we investigate the term-sets of 'base' or 'bottom': 'the bottom side of a polygon' and 'the base side (of a geometrical figure)'. And we study the concept of 'the base area' in the solid figures and the formula of 'the bottom dimensions'. We start from the 6th grade math problem: 'Find the bottom dimension of the rectangular.' The primary answer is that it does not use the term('the bottom dimensions') in the elementary mathematics. However, in the middle school mathematics, 'the base area' is used as means of 'the area of one bottom side', which is not explained anywhere from the elementary mathematics to middle school mathematics. In addition, the base is defined and 'the surface area' and 'the side area' is taught in the elementary mathematics, so we naturally think of 'the base area'. Therefore we first investigate the term-sets of 'base' or 'bottom' which has two elements: 'the bottom side of a polygon' and 'the base side (of a geometrical figure)'. Next we discuss 'the base area' through curriculum and textbooks, dictionary definitions and so on. In addition, we survey pre-service teachers and teachers about the solid figures and analyse the understanding of 'the base side' and 'the base area' comparatively. In particular, we compare the changes and the tendency of correct answers from the first question to the last question. As a result, we verify 'the cognitive gap' between the elementary mathematics and the middle school mathematics, we suggest the teaching of 'the base area' and succession subjects to teach figure domain in the elementary mathematics.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.42-53
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• 2010

Identifying students' misconceptions by teachers is the primary step in using constructivist teaching strategies. We investigated how secondary science teachers were aware of students' misconceptions about the particulate nature of matter and analyzed the total number of differences of predicted misconceptions by their background variables. We also investigated how they addressed students' misconceptions in their instruction, and how necessary they thought it was to identify students' misconceptions for teaching science concepts. A survey was administered to 87 science teachers at 28 middle schools in Seoul. Teachers' predictions were compared with the misconceptions of 240 seventh-grade students. The teachers, as a group, identified almost all the misconceptions held by the students. However, they were unable to predict which types of misconceptions were more frequent. The total number of misconceptions predicted by the teachers who had careers of less than 10 years, possessed Master's degrees, or majored in chemical education was significantly higher. Although most teachers stated that knowing students' misconceptions was needed for their instruction, they rarely and simply addressed them in their instructions. Many techers faced misconceptions in classroom activities, and only few teachers found them through publications relating to students' misconceptions, teacher preparation courses and/or in-service training programs. Educational implications are discussed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 1976

To compare the maternal health status between women in island and land, the study was conducted to adjacent land (kukdong) and island (kyonghodong) areas in Yosoo city during April 1976. The results obtained from 174 interviewee in island and 192 in land areas were the same as follow, 1. General characteristics of both area. Age: Land, group 20-29 year of age was the largest. Island, 30-39 year of age was the largest. Education; Low educated group, less than primary grade (land 88.6%, island 93.1%), was predominant in both area. Occupation of herself; agriculture and labor was the main occupation (land 50%, island 82.2%) in both area. Occupation of husband: labor and fishery was general (81.2%) in land, and agriculture and fishery was general (81.6%) in island. Duration of residence; Land, 25.0% being resided here more than 10 years. Island, 64.3% being resided here more than 10 years. 2. Marriage, Pregnancy, and Present children. Average age at marriage; Land, 20.7 years. Island, 20.9 years. Average frequency of pregnancy; Land, 4.4 times. Island, 4.3 times. Wastage of pregnancies: Land, 236 per 1000 pregnancies. Island, 151 per 1000 pregnancies. Wastage occupied by induced abortion; land, 73.5%. island, 60.5%. Number and sex of present children; Land, 3.3 per family, sex ratio 52.4 to 47.6. Island, 3.6 per family, sex ratio 53.3 to 46.7. 3. Prenatal and postnatal care. Prenatal consutation: Land, 16.1% received by doctor or midwife. Island 9.2% received by doctor or midwife. Complications during last pregnancy; Land, 46.6% complained. Island, 51.1% complained. Return to work within 1 week after delivery; Land, 40.6%. Island, 50.6%. 4. Delivery environment Home delivery; Land, 97.4% Island, 97.3%. Delivery attdended by non medical professions at home; Land, 80.2% Island, 93.7%. Solo home delivery; Land, 13.0%, Island, 12.9%. Delivery attended by layman without taking any disinfective preparations; Land, 48.1%, Island, 49.1%. Material mainly used to cut umbilical cord at home; Land, scissors (97.4%). Island, scissora (98.8%). Cord cutting material used without giving any disinfective preparations; Land, 79.9%, Island, 84.0%. Delivery sheets used at home; Cement bag paper (land 50.0%, island, 31.3%). Vinyl sheets (land,17.5%, island, 27.6%). News paper (land, 3.2%. island, 11.7%). No sheets (land 19.5%. island, 12.9%). etc. Maternal Meal; Seaweed soup with rice was the most general in both area. (land 95.3%, island, 91.4%).

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.299-308
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• 2015

The six natural zeolites collected in Pohang area, Kyungsangbuk-do, Korea, were characterized by XRD, XRF, DTA, TGA, and CEC analysis. The primary species of these zeolite are modenite, albite, and quarts in Kuryongpo-A (Ku-A), Kuryongpo-B (Ku-B), Kuryongpo-C (Ku-C), Donghae-A (Dh-A), Donghae-B (Dh-B), and Donghae-C (Dh-C) samples. The XRF analysis showed that the six zeolites contain Si, Al, Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Fe. Cation exchange capacity of Kuryongpo-C (Ku-C) zeolite was the highest compared to other zeolites. The capabilities of removing heavy metal ions such as $Pb^{2+}$, $Cd^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ were compared. The effect of reaction time in removing heavy metal ions was studied. The experimental results showed that the efficiency of removal was low for $Pb^{2+}$, $Cd^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ ions. These may be caused by the low content of zeolite in the six natural zeolites. This indicates that the adsorption capacity roughly tends to depend on the zeoite contents, ie., the grade of zeolite ore.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2008

Background : Cervicovaginal cytology is a screening test of uterine cervical cancer. The sensitivity of cervicovaginal cytology is less than 50%, but studies of cytologic/histologic correlation are limited. We analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of cervicovaginal cytology in the detection of the squamous epithelial lesions of the uterine cervix and investigate the cause of diagnostic discordance. Materials and Methods : We collected a total of 481 sets of cervicovaginal cytology and biopsies over 5 years. The cytologic diagnoses were categorized based on The Bethesda System and the histologic diagnoses were classified as negative, flat condyloma, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, CIN II, CIN III, or squamous cell carcinoma. Cytohistologic discrepancies were reviewed. Results: The concordance rate between the cytological and the histological diagnosis was 79.0%. The sensitivity and specificity of cervicovaginal cytology were 80.6% and 92.6%, respectively. Its positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 93.7% and 77.7%, respectively. The false negative rate was 19.4%. Among 54 false negative cytology cases, they were confirmed by histology as 50 flat condylomas, 2 CIN I, 1 CIN III, and 1 squamous cell carcinoma. The causes of false negative cytology were sampling errors in 75.6% and interpretation errors in 24.4%. The false positive rate was 7.4%. Among 15 false positive cytology cases, they were confirmed by histology as 12 atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and 3 low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL). The cause of error was interpretation error in all cases. The overall diagnostic accuracy of cervicovaginal cytology was 85.7%. Conclusions : Cervicovaginal cytology shows high overall diagnostic accuracy and is a useful primary screen of uterine cervical cancer.