• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess gender differences in the quantity and quality of leisure time. It uses time diary for a nationally representative sample of Koreans(10 years old over) collected in 2004 by KNSO. This time use surveys provide information about a primary activity and a secondary activity (that is simultaneous activity accompanying the primary activity). The results was that married women experience less of leisure time and more contaminated leisure time by a secondary activity(especially household labor) than married men. This research presents that men and women have different quantity and quality of leisure time, and gender discrepancies persist in the experience of leisure time.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권13호
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• pp.5499-5505
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• 2015

Background: Providing care for hematologic cancer patients may lead to many negative complications in different aspects of life in their family caregivers. Based on a wide review of relevant literature, there are limited data about the burden of giving care for hematologic cancer patients on their primary family caregivers in Iran or other Middle Eastern countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the cancer care burden on primary family caregivers of hematologic cancer patients, in terms of physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and financial aspects. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 151 primary family caregivers of hematologic cancer patients referred to two cancer care centers in East Azerbaijan Province in northwest of Iran participated. The Financial Distress/Financial Well-being Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Vaux Social Support Questionnaire, Spiritual Well-being Scale, and SF-36 were used for data collection. Data analysis was performed with SPSS software. Results: The findings of this study indicated that the primary family caregivers experience a high level of financial distress and a significant percentage of them suffered from anxiety and depression. In addition, the physical quality of life in these caregivers was moderate. On the other hand, spiritual health and social support of participants was at an acceptable level. Conclusions: Iranian primary family caregivers of hematologic cancer patients experience many problems in physical, psychological, and financial aspects of their life. Therefore, developing care plans for reducing these problems appears necessary.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.671-676
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• 2012

Objectives: Screening for second primary cancer (SPC) is one of the key components of cancer survivorship care. The aim of the present study was to explore oncologists' experience with promoting second primary cancer screening. Methods: Two focus group interviews were conducted with 12 oncologists of diverse backgrounds. Recurrent issues were identified and placed into thematic categories. Results: Most of the oncologists did not consider SPC screening promotion as their responsibility and did not cover it in routine care. All of the study participants had experience with unexpected SPC cases, and they were under emotional tress. There was no systematic manner of providing SPC screening. Oncologists usually prescribe SPC screening in response to patients' requests, and there was no active promotion of SPC screening. Short consultation time, limited knowledge about cancer screening, no established guideline for SPC screening, and disagreement with patients about oncologists' roles were major barriers to its promotion. An institution-based shared care model was suggested as a potential solution for promoting SPC screening given current oncology practices in Korea. Conclusion: Oncologists could not effectively deal with the occurrence of SPC, and they were not actively promoting SPC screening. Lack of knowledge, limited health care resources, and no established guidelines were major barriers for promoting SPC screening to cancer survivors. More active involvement of oncologists and a systematic approach such as shared-care models would be necessary for promoting SPC screening considering increasing number of cancer survivors who are vulnerable.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2002

The purpose of this descriptive study was to investigate the smoking behaviors and their related factors of the 6th graders from 25 primary schools in Gwangju City and Chonnam province. The total number of subject were 882 children(2% of total 44,088 persons). The instrument consisted of 14 for sociodemographic and smoking-related characteristics and 12 for smoking behaviors-related factors. The survey was conducted with the help of school nurses from August 20th to September 30th, 2000, and the data were analyzed with SAS program. The results were as follows: 12.8% of the 6th graders had once and more smoking experiences and 0.9% of them are current smoking. The number of children who have smoking experience were significantly more in the male group, unsatisfying group in school life, lower in school performance(p< .001); and of lower level of father's education(p< .05), of children of working mothers, and of relatively unhappy family atmosphere(p< .01). There were number of children who have smoking experience were significant in the group of having smoking friends, of frequent buying cigarette, and of having smoking siblings(p< .001) and relatives(p< .05). It is concluded that smoking experience of primary school children in Gwangju and Chonnam area were relatively lower than that of other provinces and foreign countries but starting age of smoking was tended to be lower gradually.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.152-163
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• 2023

This research aimed at investigating Islamic Studies teachers' attitudes towards utilizing virtual learning environment in distance teaching among primary stage pupils. It also aimed at determining the statistical differences among variables due to sex, educational qualification, number of years of experience, and training sessions. This research adopted the descriptive approach. The sample consisted of male and female primary teachers of Islamic Studies (N=250) in governmental schools in Taif. The questionnaire was used as a main research tool. It included (20) items. Results showed that Islamic Studies teachers' attitudes towards utilizing virtual learning environment in distance teaching among primary stage pupils were ranked to a medium degree. There was a statistically significant difference among primary Islamic Studies teachers' attitudes due to sex variable. It was recommended to adopt more training sessions and seminars for adopting the idea of utilizing virtual learning environments among Islamic Studies teachers at boys' and girls' school in Mecca through emphasizing its significance and benefits in Teaching.

• 아동학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.185-203
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• 2017

Objective: The present study examined the perspectives of grandparents raising their grandchildren in an attempt to better understand grandparents' child-rearing experience while providing kinship foster care to their primary-grade grandchildren. Methods: Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews with eight grandparents who have raised one or two primary-grade (ages 8-10) grandchildren using a qualitative approach. Results: First, the participants viewed the reason for their kinship foster care as a failure for caring for their own children and accepted the present grandparent-care provision as their responsibility. Second, the participants communicated constant struggles with their own health and grandchild-care as well as positive/negative emotions associated with the care provision. Third, most of the participants did not fully understand the developmental needs of their primary-grade grandchildren. Fourth, the participants articulated concerns for their primary-grade grandchildren's learning, peer interactions, school adjustment, and extra-curricular activities. Lastly, the participants all agreed on hoping to raise grandchildren with good personality traits as members of a society and to have them fill the gap from the loss of their parents. Conclusion: Although most participants accepted the current circumstances as their obligation, they still noted difficulties in child-care provision. Given the developmental needs of grandchildren and the resource needs of grandparents, proper and continuous intervention approaches should be developed/provided.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.479-489
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• 1998

This work was done for 9 patients having experience of a herb medical treatment after being diagnosed as CVA during a year from January, 1996 to December, 1996 by using an ethnographic research method. The summarized results of this research are following. Ⅰ. THE EXPERIENCE OF THE ILLNESS First, the falling-ill phase is the time that they have the first stroke of paralysis and the decision pattern of medical institution' comes out. The emotional experience in the period is something like 'flustration', 'anxiety', 'despair', and 'expectation'. Second, the active-treatment phase is the time that the patients as well as their family or care giver not only show the positive attitude and actively participate in the illness treatment but also show a lot of interest in medical institutions and activities of health recovery. There is a primary factor of the continuation of treatment as an experience of treatment and being crushed and sensitivity as an experience of the illness. Third, the rehabilitation phase is the time that the patients or their family become tired and insensitive to the treatment and recuperation, and then reduce the treatment activity. There is a primary influence factor of the discontinuance of treatment as an experience of treatment and physical experience and emotional experience as an experience of the illness. The physical experience is divided into 'personal-hygiene care', and 'the sphere of activity' The emotional experiences are 'blaming someone', 'contempt' and 'despair' as a negative experience and 'hope' as a positive experience. Ⅱ. COPING STRATEGY There are a physical coping, an emotional and mental coping, a social coping, and a spiritual coping as a coping strategy used for the patients to overcome their illness and adjust themselves to their altered life. First, the physical coping comes out as 8 categories, 'using an auxiliary tool', 'doing exercise', 'protecting', 'improving their diet', 'taking care of something', 'using subsidiary medicines', 'trying a folk remedy', and 'having interest in their health'. Second, for the emotional and mental coping, there are 'accepting' and 'trying' as a positive coping and a failure of control as a negative coping. Third, the social coping is appeared as 'being supported'. Fourth, the spiritual coping is recognized as' recourse to God' and 'preparation of death'. After all, the elderly CVA patients in an agricultural area choose the act of treatment based on the traditional belief and the relationship with a caretaker. A personal health can be maintained by taking care of themselves and controling their mind, and the overcome of the illness is decided on the basis of traditional concepts and cultural principles in which the patients as well as the family, neigbors and take carers should work out together and cooperate with each other in order to achieve that.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.165-177
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of child's general property, mother's social and economic property, mother's knowledge and behavior in oral hygiene upon the appearance and treatment of child's primary tooth decay. For the purpose, oral examination was applied to one hundred three(103) small children who were at the age between four(4) and seven(7) and went to two(2) places of day care centers located in Seoul, and questionnaire was done to their mothers. The results of the study are as follows. 1. The number of children's dt is 1.55, the number of their ft is 1.42, dft index for primary tooth is 2,98, ft rate is 45.61%, and the higher child's age is, the higher their value is. 2. Mother's age, educational background, and occupation does not show significant difference with dft index for primary tooth. The higher mother's monthly average income is, the higher child's ft rate is. 3. dft index for primary tooth does not show significant difference according 10 mother's knowledge in oral hygiene. And, the child of mother using dental floss does show higher it rate in comparison with the one of mother who does not use dental floss, 4. Experience using dental clinic to treatment tooth decay does show significant difference with dft index for primary tooth. And experience using dental clinic for the purpose of oral examination and preventive treatment does show significant difference with ft rate. 5. From the result of multiple regression with dependent variable of dft index for primary tooth, there is no variable having significant influence. From the result of multiple regression with dependent variable of ft rate, explanatory variable is 43%, child's age, mother's occupation, mother's monthly average income, and experience using dental clinic to prevent tooth decay are significant explanatory elements. Through the above results, we can know that mother should practice positive behavior in oral hygiene for child to improve oral health. Under the reason, oral health education should be applied toward mothers as soon as possible, and governmental support should be followed so that mothers can participate in the education.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2014

Recently, surgical outcomes of repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) have improved. For patients with TOF older than 3 months, primary repair has been advocated regardless of symptoms. However, a surgical approach to symptomatic TOF in neonates or very young infants remains elusive. Traditionally, there have been two surgical options for these patients: primary repair versus an initial aortopulmonary shunt followed by repair. Early primary repair provides several advantages, including avoidance of shunt-related complications, early relief of hypoxia, promotion of normal lung development, avoidance of ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis, and psychological comfort to the family. Because of advances in cardiopulmonary bypass techniques and accumulated experience in neonatal cardiac surgery, primary repair in neonates with TOF has been performed with excellent early outcomes (early mortality<5%), which may be superior to the outcomes of aortopulmonary shunting. A remaining question regarding surgical options is whether shunts can preserve the pulmonary valve annulus for TOF neonates with pulmonary stenosis. Symptomatic neonates and older infants have different anatomies of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstructions, which in neonates are nearly always caused by a hypoplastic pulmonary valve annulus instead of infundibular obstruction. Therefore, a shunt is less likely to preserve the pulmonary valve annulus than is primary repair. Primary repair of TOF can be performed safely in most symptomatic neonates. Patients who have had primary repair should be closely followed up to evaluate the RVOT pathology and right ventricular function.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권24호
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• pp.10543-10555
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• 2015

Breast cancer primary prevention is a high research priority due to the high psychological and economic costs. The disease is a multistep process and several risk factors have been recognized. Over the past three decades numerous studies have investigated the association of lifestyle with breast cancer, showing independent effects of various factors. We report here a summary of the present state of knowledge on the role of lifestyle patterns, such as physical activity, diet, smoking, hormone therapy, and experience of psychological stress in the modulation of breast cancer in women, and discuss commonly accepted biological mechanisms hypothesized as responsible for the associations. The findings indicate that regular physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity is probably linked with the decreased breast cancer risk among postmenopausal females and suggestive for a decrease of the risk in premenopausal women. In contrast, the consumption of high-fat diet, alcohol intake, and use of combined estrogen and synthetic progestagen hormonal therapy may increase the risk. Epidemiological findings dealing with a role of smoking and experience of psychological stress are conflicting.