• 한국의류학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.570-581
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate competitive structure between the department store and the discount store based on consumers' purchase intention. Female consumers who purchased clothing both in the department store and the discount store participated in the study by completing questionnaires (N=533) . Data were analyzed using factor analyses, paired t-test, Cronbach's $\alpha$, and chi-square analyses. The result was as following: 1 . Overall, the department store and the discount store are competing complementarily. However, this competitive structure varied with clothing items and consumers' age. 2. As a result of factor analyses, the two retailer's service quality could be evaluated with four dimensions: price and A/S, store atmosphere and VMD, store policy, and salesperson. 3. The department store was expected to provide the highest level of service in ‘price and A/S’, ‘store atmosphere and VMD’, ‘salesperson’ whereas the discount store in ‘store policy’ 4. Respondents were classified in four groups according to how frequently they use department store and discount store as following: shopper of both retailers (68.35％), discount store shopper(20.97%), department store shopper(4.70%), shopper of neither retailer(3.97％). Each group showed differences in service satisfaction and demographic characteristics.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.1893-1900
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• 2015

정부는 소비자의 후생을 극대화하기 위하여 경쟁을 촉진하고 독과점의 폐해를 방지할 책무가 있다. 이를 위해서는 정보의 비대칭성을 최대한 해소하고 소비자 선택권을 보장해야만 한다. 우리나라의 단말기 보조금은 일견 소비자의 단말기 가격부담이나 서비스요금부담을 저감하는 것으로 보이지만 실제는 가격차별을 통하여 시장을 왜곡하고 있는 것이다. 정부는 보조금의 다과만을 문제로 인식하고 이동통신시장의 왜곡 방지를 위한 적절한 역할을 하지 못함으로써 주인-대리인 문제를 야기하였다. 보조금으로 사용될 재원은 단말기가격이나 요금의 인하를 위하여 사용되는 것이 소비자에게 이로운 것이며 사회적 후생을 증가시킬 수 있다. 보조금의 분리공시는 진일보한 정책이나 업계의 저항과 정부 및 국회의 인식부족으로 단통법의 제정에도 불구하고 제대로 이행되지 않았다. 궁극적으로는 제조사와 이동통신사의 과도한 초과이익은 보조금의 형태가 아닌 가격이나 요금의 인하로 반영되어야 하고 완전경쟁시장에 가까운 가격구조가 형성되어야 한다.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.35-69
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• 2014

The impact of competition on pricing has been studied in the context of counterfactual merger analyses where expected optimal prices in a hypothetical monopoly are compared with observed prices in an oligopolistic market. Such analyses would typically assume static decision making by consumers and firms and thus have been applied mostly to data obtained from consumer packed goods such as cereal and soft drinks. However such static modeling approach is not suitable when decision makers are forward looking. When it comes to the markets for durable products with indirect network effects, consumer purchase decisions and firm pricing decisions are inherently dynamic as they take into account future states when making purchase and pricing decisions. Researchers need to take into account the dynamic aspects of decision making both in the consumer side and in the supplier side for such markets. Firms in a two-sided market typically subsidize one side of the market to exploit the indirect network effect. Such pricing behaviors would be more prevalent in competitive markets where firms would try to win over the battle for standard. While such qualitative expectation on the relationship between pricing behaviors and competitive structures could be easily formed, little empirical studies have measured the extent to which the distinct pricing structure in two-sided markets depends on the competitive structure of the market. This paper develops an empirical model to measure the impact of competition on optimal pricing of durable products under indirect network effects. In order to measure the impact of exogenously determined competition among firms on pricing, we compare the equilibrium prices in the observed oligopoly market to those in a hypothetical monopoly market. In computing the equilibrium prices, we account for the forward looking behaviors of consumers and supplier. We first estimate a demand function that accounts for consumers' forward-looking behaviors and indirect network effects. And then, for the supply side, the pricing equation is obtained as an outcome of the Markov Perfect Nash Equilibrium in pricing. In doing so, we utilize numerical dynamic programming techniques. We apply our model to a data set obtained from the U.S. video game console market. The video game console market is considered a prototypical case of two-sided markets in which the platform typically subsidizes one side of market to expand the installed base anticipating larger revenues in the other side of market resulting from the expanded installed base. The data consist of monthly observations of price, hardware unit sales and the number of compatible software titles for Sony PlayStation and Nintendo 64 from September 1996 to August 2002. Sony PlayStation was released to the market a year before Nintendo 64 was launched. We compute the expected equilibrium price path for Nintendo 64 and Playstation for both oligopoly and for monopoly. Our analysis reveals that the price level differs significantly between two competition structures. The merged monopoly is expected to set prices higher by 14.8% for Sony PlayStation and 21.8% for Nintendo 64 on average than the independent firms in an oligopoly would do. And such removal of competition would result in a reduction in consumer value by 43.1%. Higher prices are expected for the hypothetical monopoly because the merged firm does not need to engage in the battle for industry standard. This result is attributed to the distinct property of a two-sided market that competing firms tend to set low prices particularly at the initial period to attract consumers at the introductory stage and to reinforce their own networks and eventually finally to dominate the market.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2014년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.933-936
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• 2014

정부는 소비자의 후생을 극대화하기 위하여 경쟁을 촉진하고 독과점의 폐해를 방지할 책무가 있다. 경쟁을 촉진하기 위해서는 정보의 비대칭성을 최대한 해소하고 소비자 선택권을 보장해야만 한다. 보조금은 소비자의 단말기 가격부담이나 서비스요금부담을 저감하는 것으로 보이지만 사실상 가격차별을 통하여 시장을 왜곡하고 있는 것이다. 정부는 보조금문제에 대하여 이통시장의 왜곡을 방지할 적절한 역할을 하지 못함으로써 주인-대리인 문제를 야기하였다. 보조금으로 사용될 재원이 단말기가격이나 요금인하로 사용되는 것이 소비자에게 이로운 것이며 사회후생을 증가시킬 수 있다. 단말기유통법을 통한 보조금의 분리공시는 진일보한 정책이나 만시지탄이다. 궁극적으로는 보조금의 형태가 아닌 가격으로 반영되어야 하고 완전경쟁시장에 가까운 가격구조가 형성되는 것이 바람직하다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제22권50호
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• pp.231-241
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• 1999

Recent market competition forces the price to be determined in the design stage so that the design would meet the target price of the product. However, most commercial PDM(Product Data Management) systems currently in use lack such a cost estimation function. In this paper, we propose detailed structure and functions of a new approach to estimate the cost of new products using integrated BOM in PDM. Such system will reduce the total life cycle cost of the products to be designed.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제24권66호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2001

Because the structure of the economy is being changed from product-oriented and company-centered economy to service-oriented and customer-centered economy, and the market competition is varying with the competition of non-price factors, the importance for customer service of logistics system is being increased. Thus, the level of customer service should be represented as an element of the logistics decision and the facility location decision. The level of customer service provided by logistics system has an effect on customers\` purchase decisions, hence on the market demand. That is, the market demand is elastic for customer service as it is influenced by product price. Considering the effect of customer service on demand, this study develops the market area which each facility will serve. That area is circular, and distance norm is considered Euclidean and Rectilinear (or Manhattan) distance norm. The market demand for product at a particular area is affected by the level of customer service that facility provides, and the relationship between the market demand and the level of customer service is represented with a mathematical function.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2016

The proliferation of the Internet and related technologies has led to a new form of distribution channels, namely online retailers. The conventional offline and the new online retailers have different transaction costs perceived by the consumers in the following perspectives: the accessibility to the product information, the traffic cost and the opportunity cost for the time to visit the store, the delivery time and the possibility of 'touch and feel' to test the quality of the product. In particular, the online retailers have lower distribution cost structure in that they do not have physical stores, which results in lower selling price. Thus they continuously offer price competition against offline retailers using the lower selling cost as competitive weapon. Moreover the emergence of the social commerce is likely to intensify the competition between the online and offline retailers. To survive in this fierce competition, the offline retailers are trying to defend their business interests by sticking to offline transaction in anticipation of increased customer loyalty, customer's preference for 'touch and feel' style shopping, and others. Despite of these efforts, customers who touch and feel a product in an offline store but purchase the product through an online retailer are increasing. To protect such customers, recently, some of the offline retailers began to provide the mobile discount service (MDS) which enables the offline customers to purchase a product at a discounted price through the mobile applications. In business competitions, the price discount strategy is usually considered to secure more market share at the cost of lower profit. In this study, however, we analyze the effect of MDS as a weapon for securing more profit. To do this, we set up a game model between the online and offline retailers which incorporates the effect of the MDS. By numerically analyzing the Nash equilibrium of the game, some managerial implications for using the MDS for more profit are discussed.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2020

We estimate a choice-based aggregate demand model accounting for consumers' consideration sets, and study its implications on market structure. In contrast to past research, we model and estimate consumer demand using aggregate-level consumer browsing data in addition to aggregate-level choice data. The use of consumer browsing data allows us to study consumer demand in a realistic setting in which consumers choose from a subset of products. We calibrate the proposed model on both data sets, avoid biases in parameter estimates, and compute the price elasticity measures. As an empirical application, we estimate consumer demand in the camcorder category and study its implications on market structure. The proposed model predicts a limited consumer price response and offers a more discriminating competitive landscape from the one assuming universal consideration set.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.231-248
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• 2014

경쟁구조와 산업성과 간의 관계에 대한 연구는 경쟁정책 분야의 핵심 주제이다. 특히 통신 산업과 같이 독과점적 시장을 형성할 가능성이 큰 산업에서는 독점력이 산업성과(후생)에 미치는 영향과 효과에 대해 보다 심도 있는 연구가 필요하다. 즉 소수 사업자로 시장이 집중되면, 독과점에 의한 초과이윤의 개연성이 높아지고 이는 사회후생 증대에 부정적이기 때문이다. 이러한 배경 하에 본 연구는 이동통신 산업의 시장구조(시장 지배력 형태)와 사회후생 성과(요금 인하)의 관계를 국제비교를 통해 실증하고자한다. 구체적으로, OECD 주요 21개국을 대상으로 국내시장의 경쟁구조 변화양상과 사회후생 성과수준을 비교하며, 시장지배력 수준에 따른 평균 소매요금 인하율의 차이를 실증한다. 분석결과는 국내시장의 경쟁상황 및 시장구조는 글로벌 추세와 상당한 괴리가 있음을 보여준다. 또한 독점시장으로 인식되는 1위 사업자의 점유율(CR1>50)이 높은 시장에서는 소비자 후생을 증진시키는 요금인하가 더디게 이루어지는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 시장지배력이 강한 독점적 사업자의 독점력 완화가 요금인하, 후생증대에 중요한 요소임을 보여주며, 경쟁정책의 방향이 시장집중도(HHI)의 개선뿐 아니라 지배적 사업자의 독점력 완화에도 초점을 두어야 함을 시사한다.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.202-208
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• 2024

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the competitive environment of 7-Eleven using Porter's 5 Force model to analyze the specific competitiveness of 7-Eleven that has maintained continuous growth as a competitive company. Methods: This study is a case study of 7-Eleven. Results: As a result of the analysis, 7-Eleven has reinforced its competitiveness with existing competitors by raising entry barriers by expanding domestic stores and developing overseas convenience store business, focusing on North America, based on economy of scale. In addition, 7-Eleven seeks to differentiate itself from other convenience stores by developing a "private brand" and strengthens its bargaining power with suppliers through the development of new products by gathering information and know-how of experts in product development based on customer needs. The bargaining power with customers has been strengthened by building loyalty and trust in the brand by allowing consumers to purchase the same products at the same price no matter which store they visit. As a threat to potential competitors, 7-Eleven has secured a competition advantage by raising the barrier to entry by concentrating stores in specific areas through a dominant franchise development strategy and increasing awareness of 7-Eleven among consumers. In the case of threats from substitute products, it was confirmed that 7-Eleven has overcome the threat from substitute products by opening 24 hours a day and providing various services such as ATMs and copiers.