• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.101-110
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• 2023

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is considered to be a subclass of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). It has some challenges and issues of privacy which require to be solved before practical implementation of the system i.e., location preservation privacy. Many schemes have been proposed. The most prominent is pseudonym change based location preservation scheme. Safety message can be compromised when it sends via a wireless medium, consequently, an adversary can eavesdrop the communication to analyze and track targeted vehicle. The issue can be counter by use of pseudo identity instead of real and their change while communication proves to be a sufficient solution for such problems. In this context, a large amount of literature on pseudonym change strategies has been proposed to solve such problems in VANET. In this paper, we have given details on strategies proposed last two decades on pseudonym change based location preservation along with issues that they focus to resolve and try to give full understanding to readers.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.389-396
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• 2006

In order to prepare liqueur of citrus fruit, changes of major constituents, flavonoid pH, color changes, and extract, by soaking 3 kg/6 L kumquats for $1{\sim}70$ days and 1 kg/3 L Citrus platymama for $1{\sim}50$ days in $30{\sim}95%$ ethanol solution were investigated 1.5kg of kumquats, and 1kg of citrus platymama were soaked in 3 L of $30{\sim}95%$ ethanol solution for $50{\sim}70$ days. pH and color changed largely by ethanol concentration. Glucose and fructose were more extracted in $60{\sim}95%$ ethanol concentration. Citric acid and malic acid were extracted $10{\sim}15$ times with kumquats than with Citrus platymama in 30% ethanol solution. Ascorbic acid was more extracted in 60% ethanol solution for kumquats, and in 95% ethanol for Citrus platymamma. The content of ascorbic acid was $3.19{\sim}41.91{\mu}g/mL$ in kumquats, and $21.90{\sim}30.12{\mu}g/mL$ in Citrus platymamma. $312.82{\sim}688.12{\mu}g/mL$ of rutin were extracted in 95% ethanol solution, $9.32{\sim}74.49{\mu}g/mL$ of neohesperidin were extracted in 60% ethanol as for kumquats. Rutin and neohesperidin were more extracted in 30% ethanol concentration contrary to hesperidin. Hesperidin was extracted $38.93{\sim}136.86{\mu}g/mL$ in 95% ethanol solution.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.327-331
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• 2002

To develop the use of natural pigment for food, anthocyanins were isolated from grape peels which were wasted much in korea, and their characteristics were as fellows. pH has a marked influences on the color of the grape peels anthocyanin solution(GPAS). At low pH the color of GPAS was more stable than high pH. With increasing pH the color gradually fades as colorless pseudobases are formed. It showed characteristic bathnochromic shift as the solution increased. Among the sugars tested, glucose showed the most protective effect on the color of GPAS to raise the color stability, while fructose showed an adverse effect. Orgarnic acid such as citric acid prevented the degradation of anthocyanin, but ascorbic acid lowered stability of color considerably. The effect of light on GPAS was found to be very deleterious. The pigment degradation can be minimized by shielding the light from the pigment solution.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.442-449
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• 1979

Although anoxic cardiac arrest produces a dry, quiet field, the ability of the myocardium to withstand the anoxic insult is uncertain. The current growth of interest in the use of various cardioplegic solutions ` has resulted in the development of a number of different solutions. In this study, 51 consecutive cases of elective open heart surgery with the aid of extracorporeal circulation were reviewed retrospectively to compare two methods of myocardial preservation. All of these open heart operations had been performed, using hemodilution principle under the moderate hypothermia at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University from December, 1975 to July, 1979. In the 31 consecutive cases that form the anoxic arrest group, the operations were done with intermittent aortic cross-clamping and topical cardiac hypothermia. The heart was cooled topically by cold normal saline, which was converted to ice slush before application to the pericardial sac. Twenty of 51 consecutive cases were assigned to the cold cardioplegic method [the cardioplegic group], in which two kinds of cold cardioplegic solutions [Young solution and G IK solution] were infused into the aortic root proximal to the aortic cross clamp for myocardial preservation. Mean total aortic cross clamp times were 43 minutes in the anoxic arrest group and 67 minutes in the cardioplegic group. In the post-operative period, spontaneous regular heart beatings were recovered in 80 percent of the cardioplegic group as opposed to 25.7 percent of the anoxic arrest group. Ventricular fibrillation requiring DC shock was seen in 32.3 percent of the anoxic arrest group and 10 percent of the cardioplegic group. In the cardioplegic group, mean CPK-MB was one positive value on the first post-operative day, and mean LDH 1 was elevated to 51 0 units/ml on the 2nd post-operative day. These results indicate that protecting the myocardium with cold cardioplegia is superior to use of the anoxic cardiac arrest.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.286-291
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• 1999

This study was carried out to determine the effect of dose and timing of gamma irradiation and post-irradiation treatment with some preservatives of cut flowers on their longevity of rose and chrysanthemum. Cut roses which were soaked in 2% sugar solution persist to 0.75 kGy irradiation treatments. In post-treatments with some preservative solutions, the mixture group of 2% sucrose,2000m silver nitrate and 3.0% crysal were available in flower quality, but the 200 ppm silver nitrate solution treatment showed serious blackening of floral stems and resulted On negative effect in flower quality. Effect of gamma irradiation and all preservative solutions on the cut mum longevity were showed almost same tendency with rose cut flower longevity experiments. The 2% sugar dipping solution in mum cut flower showed the most superior preservative effect compared with the my other preservative solutions tested. Also non-irradiated treatment extended to flower up to complete wilt.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.429-435
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• 2011

The demand of packaged baby leaves has been increased for its convenient use as fresh-cut produce. This investigation was aimed to explore the effects of different sanitizers on the quality parameters of 'Tah Tasai' Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris var. narinosa) baby leaves. Thirteen days old baby leaves were harvested and washed in tap water (TW), 100 ppm chlorine solution (Cl), 2 ppm ozonated water ($O_3$), 15 ppm chlorine dioxide solution ($ClO_2$) and washing with 0.2% citric acid solution followed by 50% ethanol spray (CA+Et). The samples were then packaged in 50 ${\mu}m$ polyethylene bags and stored at $5^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. Off-odor of packaged baby leaves was not detected during storage. There was no significant difference in color parameters among the treatments. Samples treated with $O_3$ showed substantially higher electrolyte leakage throughout the storage. This treatment also rendered a higher accumulation of $CO_2$ in the packages. Samples treated with Cl and CA+Et maintained good overall visual quality with higher scores compared to that of $O_3$ and $ClO_2$. Although Cl treatment showed lower number of total aerobic count at the beginning of storage, citric acid in combination with ethanol treatment was more effective until the end of storage. The combined treatment also showed comparatively lower coliform plate count. This result indicates that citric acid wash followed by ethanol spray could be an alternative to chlorine for environment friendly sanitization of baby leaves.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.401-405
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• 2003

The antibiotic and antioxidant effect of botanical antimicrobial agent-citrus product(BAAC) prepared from citrus fruits were investigated by using fishmeats made from pollack and ascidian fillet. We inoculated Salmonella typhi into fishmeats that were aferwards treated with BAAC varying the concentration level (50-500ppm) including the control not-treated with BAAC. While specimens were stored at 5$^{\circ}C$ for designated period, we measured changes of total number of bacteria, peroxide level and textural properties. In addition, we performed organoleptic examination, focusing on appearance, texture and odor for fishmeats treated with BAAC and stored for designated period. For pollack and ascidian fishmeats, the initial total number of bacteria were 3.7${\times}$l0$^4$CFU/g and 7.5${\times}$l0$^4$CFU/g, respectively. After they were treated with 250 ppm of BAAC solution and stored for 5 days at 5$^{\circ}C$, the figures reduced to 2.5${\times}$l0CFU/g and 8.4${\times}$10CFU/g. No bacteria were found in fishmeats treated with above 500 ppm of BAAC, which remarkably proved antibiotic effect of BAAC solution. Furthermore, all the BAAC-treated specimens exhibited notable antioxidant effect. Fishmeats which were previously treated with 500 ppm of BAAC solution and stored for 30 days at 5$^{\circ}C$, showed the lower peroxide level of 16.5 meq/kg than 68.9 meq/kg in the control of pollack and 21.2 meq/kg than 80.7 meq/kg in the control of ascidian. In the results of texture and organoleptic evaluation we could also observe good effects of BAAC on maintaining the freshness of fisher products.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.759-770
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• 1985

This study was experimentally undertaken to evaluate the effect of hypothermic oxygenated cardioplegic solution on myocardial protection during prolonged aortic cross clamping under cardiopulmonary bypass. Dogs were divided into two groups control group [received hypothermic unoxygenated cardioplegic solution] and experimental group [received hypothermic oxygenated cardioplegic solution]. Coronary sinus effluent was obtained at once and 30, 60, 90 minutes after cross-clamping for the determination of pH, PCO2,PO2 and lactate level during the infusion of cardioplegic solution and myocardial biopsies were obtained after cessation of 90 minutes of aortic cross-clamping. The results obtained were as follows: 1. There was no significant differences in the pH and PCO2 between the oxygenated and unoxygenated cardioplegic solution but the PO2 of the oxygenated solution was 4 times greater than unoxygenated solution, and also the oxygenated solution had a significantly greater oxygen content [2.020.05 ml 02/min] and had much more oxygen delivery than unoxygenated solution. 2. The myocardial oxygen consumption and the myocardial oxygen extraction in oxygenated group were 1.63 ml 02/100 ml and 67.32% respectively, which was greater than those in unoxygenated group. 3. Regarding to pH and PCO2 of coronary sinus effluent, there was no significant differences between two groups in early period of infusion of cardioplegic solution, but the pH shifted to acidosis from 60 minutes, PCO2 increased from 90 minutes of aortic cross-clamping, and PO2 markedly decreased from 90 minutes of aortic cross-clamping in unoxygenated group. 4. The lactate concentration of coronary sinus effluent revealed relatively normal in both groups, but showed slight increase up to 27.54.56 mg/100 ml at 90 minutes of aortic cross-clamping in unoxygenated group. 5. On electron microscopic study, the ultrastructural integrity of myocardial cells in oxygenated group was well preserved within 90 minutes. Slight swelling and deformity of mitochondria, interfibrillar widening, and disarrangement of myofibrils were observed at 90 minutes after aortic cross-clamping in unoxygenated group. From these results, the use of hypothermic oxygenated cardioplegic solution seemed to be effective and better method for the preservation of ischemic myocardium during the prolonged aortic cross-clamping.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the potency-stabilizing effects of two different diluents of botulinum toxin A (10% dextrose solution and 0.9% saline). Methods: A mouse lethality bioassay was undertaken. Ninety mice were divided into experimental and control groups which received varying dosages in subgroups of 10. The experimental group was injected with botulinum toxin A diluted with 10% dextrose solution and the control group was injected with botulinum toxin A diluted with 0.9% saline. A 72 hours after intraperitoneal injection, the number of dead mice was counted to confirm median lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) of each group. Results: The value of $LD_{50}$ in the experimental group was approximately 0.131 mL (1.31 U) and the value of $LD_{50}$ in the control group was approximately 0.107 mL (1.07 U). The potency preservation rate of the experimental group was estimated to be 93.5% and that of the control group was estimated to be 76.3%. Conclusions: Dilution with 10% dextrose solution displayed less potency loss than 0.9% saline.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.181-186
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• 2001

The objective of this study is to determine the effect of soy protein isolate (SPI) film coating on the color, firmness, viscosity and weight loss of Rice Cake stored at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ (RH 50%) for 30 days. Raw materials mixed with SPI and cocoa powder (10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, w/w) were prepared. After adding sugar and shortening to raw materials, the mixture were refined to 25 micron of particle size. Coating of Rice Cake were carried out at $65^{\circ}C$. SPI coated Rice Cake had higher internal and external firmness comparing to the control at $25^{\circ}C$. SPI coated Rice Cake showed smooth surface morphology and had 0.71-1.01 mm of thickness. SPI coated Rice Cake showed less weight loss for 30 days compared to controls. SPI coating solution was successfully coated on Rice Cake and extended shelf-life over 15 days at room temperature.