• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.236-252
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to assess the microbiological quality of home-delivered meals during production and delivery for children from low-income families. Production flows from a facility in Seoul that provides home-delivered meals were analyzed and the time-temperature of the food was measured. Microbiological assessment was performed for the production environment, personal hygiene, and food samples at each production and delivery step based on the process approach. It took 2 hours or longer from completion of production to meal delivery. An aerobic colony count (ACC) and coliform were not detected at knives, cutting boards, and dish towels. However, ACC (at pre-preparation, preparation, and packing areas) and coliform (at the preparation area) were detected on the hands and gloves of employees. Air-borne bacterial counts varied according to day and preparation area (ND~6 CFU/plate/15 min). Food temperatures, on the completion of production and meal delivery, fell into temperature danger zones. ACC and coliform counts of raw ingredients did not decrease after pre-preparation (washing and sanitizing) for menus involving food preparation with no cook step. ACC decreased after cooking step for menus of food preparation with cook step, but the ACC of the stir-fried and seasoned dried filefish fillet on the completion of cooking was too numerous to count due to improper heating. The ACC of seasoned young Chinese cabbages (a menu with complex food preparation) increased during delivery (from 2.5 log CFU/ml to 5.0 log CFU/ml). This qualitative assessment of foodborne pathogens revealed that B. cereus was detected in vegetable and meat product menus. These results suggest time-temperature control is necessary during production and delivery and management guidelines during production of home-delivered meals are provided for safe production.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.241-250
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• 2020

Background: Placement of full-coverage restorations such as stainless steel crowns (SSCs) for pulpectomy treated primary molars is essential for successful outcomes. The tooth preparation process for SSCs can cause discomfort to gingival tissues since the crown should be seated 1 mm subgingivally. The purpose of this prospective trial was to compare the effectiveness of subgingival and transmucosal application of topical anesthetics on dental pain during SSC tooth preparation among 6- to 8-year-old children. Methods: A consecutive sample of 27 children, aged 6-8 years, who required an SSC after pulp therapy in primary molars were randomly divided into three groups. Group A received infiltration anesthesia before tooth preparation for SSC placement, whereas in Group B and C, only topical anesthesia was applied subgingivally and transmucosally. Wong-Bakers Faces pain rating scale (WBFPS) scores were recorded after tooth preparation. Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) scores were evaluated by two blinded and calibrated investigators through video recordings of the patient during tooth preparation. Data were tabulated, and inter-group comparisons were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and analysis of variance tests. Results: Out of the 27 participants, 48% were boys and 52% were girls, with an overall mean age of 6.83 years. Group A showed the least pain scores according to both the scales, followed by Group B and Group C. The pain intensity was statistically significant on both the pain scales with P = 0.003 for FLACC and P < 0.001 for WBFPS. Conclusion: Subgingival application of topical anesthesia reduced pain to a certain extent but not as effectively as infiltration anesthesia during SSC tooth preparation in primary molars. Transmucosal application of topical anesthesia did not reduce discomfort when compared to the other two interventions.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to identify predictors differentiating the preparation stage, which is the stage that the smoker is ready to quit smoking, between adolescent smokers and adult smokers. Method: A survey was conducted with 376 adolescent smokers in 4 high schools and 451 adult smokers in community settings in South Korea from August 2003 to April 2005. To identify the predictors before and after preparation in stages of change of smoking, logistic regression was done. Results: The predictors for before preparation in stages of change of smoking were process of change for smoking abstinence for adolescent smokers and depression for adult smokers. The predictors for after preparation in stages of change of smoking were self-efficacy for smoking abstinence for adolescent smoker and self-efficacy for smoking abstinence and smoking temptation for adult smokers. Conclusion: For each group, adolescent smokers and adult smokers, specific smoking intervention methods need to be developed based on the different ways individuals make the decision to quit smoking within their contexts.

• Oral Biology Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.235-240
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• 2018

Standard oral and maxillofacial three-dimensional model was developed with patients' medical data while virtual reality (VR) simulator was developed in conjunction with head mount display (HMD) and Haptic device. The objective of this study was to evaluate the preclinical use of a VR training simulator in tooth preparation practice. Eighty-nine dental students were trained how to operate the simulator. The participants were then given sufficient time on the simulator to practice dental preparation. The students experience and opinion was then taken in through filling of questionnaires. On average content received 1.8 points, anatomy had 2.5 points, 2.6 points for the applicability, and 2.0 for the usability. As for the detailed items scores, queries about the possible development of the simulator and the interest of the learning process through the simulator were the highest at 3.1 and 3.0 points, respectively. Question about the benefit of the HMD and the haptic device during the practice had 1.5 and 1.6 points, respectively. The average total score was 2.2 points. VR tooth preparation simulator in the field of clinical dental education has powerful potential in regard to realistic models, environments, vision, posture, and economical efficiency.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.979-986
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• 2014

This study establishes basic data for operations management by organizing processes and measuring time in the mini line for female jackets to improve productivity, ensure competitiveness, and maintain operator competency and the line process flow balance between apparel manufacturing companies. The results of this study are as follows. Sewing operations are divided into preparation functions, arrangement, partial tasks, and assembly that consist of 84 processes. The results from time measurement indicate that 3238.41seconds (sec) were required to produce a single jacket and that the average time required for operators was 231.32 sec. A control limit was established to increase the reliability of the measured value for net time. After outside values were removed, the operation time was measured to be 3176.35 sec. This accounted for 98.08% of the total operation time, with net time decreasing by 62.06. Skill and effort level coefficients were applied to measure the operator performance, the total real time was calculated to be 3415. The requirement for preparation and arrangement operations were 1233.35 sec, and 2182.22 sec for partial tasks and assembly operations. Process separation and organization were performed after the bottleneck operation was selected to identify the maximum line balance. Consequently, process efficiency of preparation and arrangement operations increased from 79.19% to 93.00%, and the partial tasks and assembly operations increased from 62.36% to 90.93%.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.90-98
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• 2008

The technical improvement of high-rise building construction is getting better as the demands of the skyscrapers is increasing. The interior construction has become the essential factor which directly affects the whole project because of skyscraperization. This study has proposed the site image-based space model as the tool for supporting decision-making for preparation and execution of the interior construction. It is expected to make the space model which is suitable for the project characteristics and work packages.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.291-297
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• 2010

This article introduces a facile nanoparticle self-assembly/annealing method for the preparation of nanoisland films. First, nanoparticle-polymer multilayer films are prepared with layer-by-layer assembly. Nanoparticle multilayer films are then annealed at $~500^{\circ}C$ in air to evaporate organic matters from the films. During the annealing process, the nanoparticles on the solid surface undergo nucleation and coalescence, resulting in the formation of nanostructured gold island arrays. By controlling the overall thickness (number of layers) of nanoparticle multilayer films, nanoisland films with various island density and different average sizes are obtained. The surface property of gold nanoisland films is further controlled by the self-assembly of alkanethiols, which results in an increased surface hydrophobicity of the films. The structure and characteristics of these nanoisland film arrays are found to be quite comparable to those of nanoisland films prepared by vacuum evaporation method. However, this self-assembly/annealing protocol is simple and requires only common laboratory supplies and equipment for the entire preparation process.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.185-193
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• 2004

A catalyst with CuO ceramic filter for simultaneous treatment of dust and HAP was prepared and characterized. Catalytic ceramic filter can not only potentially achieve the substantial savings in energy but provide with effective optimization and integration of process for simultaneous removal of SO$_2$, NO$_{x}$ and particulates from flue gases. Catalytic ceramic filters remove simultaneously particulates on exterior surface of filters and reduce NO to $N_2$ and $H_2O$ by SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) process. Preparation of catalyst impregnated ceramic filter with disk shape (Ψ 50) follow the processing of alumino-silicate ceramic filter, support impregnation and catalyst impregnation (copper oxide). Preparation routes of alumino-silicate catalyst carrier suitable for production of catalytic filters practically were studied and developed using the sol-gel and colloidal processing, homogeneous precipitation and impregnation method. Characterization of the catalyst, catalyst carrier catalytic filter materials have been performed the using various techniques such as BET, XRD, TGA, SEM. Combination of the sol-gel and colloidal processing and impregnation method is recommended to prepare catalyst carriers economically for catalytic filter applications.s.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.148-156
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• 2014

Generally, over 95% of manufacturing cost is determined in the design and manufacturing preparation step, especially a great part of productivity is determined in the manufacturing preparation step. In order to improve the manufacturing competitiveness, we have to verify the problems that can be occurred in the production step and remove the unnecessary factors in the manufacturing preparation step. Thus, manufacturing industries are adopting digital manufacturing system based on modeling & simulation. In this paper, we introduce e-FEED system (electronic based Front End Engineering and Design) that is the integrated design and analysis system for optimized manufacturing line development based on simulation automation and explain the work process (Design, Analysis and Optimization) about manufacturing line development using e-FEED system. Also, the effect is described through the real implementation cases.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.169-179
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• 2005

Porous materials are useful in a wide range of applications including bio/electronic products. The preparation and processing of these materials are mainly progressed by using an organic solvent, which gives rise to air pollution by its emissions. Alternatively, supercritical fluids are well suited to the production of functional porous materials due to a number of specific physical, chemical, and toxicological advantages. In this review, we will introduce the preparation and processing techniques for the formation of the nano/macro pore structure and their morphology, which can be controled by using supercritical fluids.