• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 1992

Norwegian technology related to preinvestigations, planning, design and construction of large underground caverns is wellknown worldwide. However, so far this technology is only slightly verified through scientiffic reports and documentation. The "Rock cavern stadium" research program is an interdisciplinary program related to the ongoing building and future use of Gjovik Olympic Subsite which is the largest cavern in the world for public purposes with a span of 61 meters and a height of 25 meters. The estimated budget for this program is about USD 4 million which is made possible through grants from The Royal Norwegian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research as well as through contributions from Norwegian and Swedish companies that are participating. The program is carried out in collaboration with The Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the Norwegian Institute of Technology. The Norwegian Geotechnical Institute and The Eastern Norway Research Center. The research program will continue until the end of 1994 to ensure that input comes from a full period of use in this stadium with different activities like exhibitions, conferences, concerts etc being included as verification through full-scale measurements and observations. The research program has five subtasks. Three of these are related to subjects like Energy consumption. HVAC installations. Fire safety design, Engineering geology and Rock mechanics, Environmental aspects. The fourth subtask is concerned with the collection of basic data, results and experience from these three subtasks to provide a basis for national Norwegian guidelines related to this interdisciplinary subject area. The guidelines will first be presented as a manual for planning and engineering purposes. The realization of this research program is a unique opportunity to enhance the expertise that has been acquired from this cavern stadium. By involving research in this extraordinary project from the excavation and building phase to its subsequent use. this will give the participants know-how and expertise which is very much in demand internationally. The coordination of the international activities between the participants as well as preparation of participations and presentations in international conferences and symposium are included in the fifth task of this national research program.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.177-200
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• 1997

This study has been conducted to propose the guidelines for development of ecological urban open space in Korea. The eastern area of Japan was studied as case area. It was classified into sex biotope types and the project background of each sites was analyzed. The contents and technique on the basis concept, survey of environmental and biotic condition planning and design(zoning and use planning, target selection and management), preparation and management of natural environment and management, and monitoring was analyzed. It was planned out the projects in order to create the nature experience space in urban area. It was found that development of ecological urban open space by the biotope creation technic was based on three types(environmental transfer, environmental creation, and environmental inprovement type). Also most cases of projects created the biotope by the conservation of the present enviroment and ecosystem. When the development of ecological urban open space was planned, selection of target species was seemed to very important that clearly propose to the guidelines.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.171-180
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• 2014

Since the execution of structural design by professional structural engineers is not mandatory for small-size buildings in Korea, structural design is conducted by architects or contractors resulting in concern about the seismic safety of the buildings. Therefore, the Korean Structural Engineers Association proposed dedicated structural design criteria in 2012. The criteria were developed based on a deterministic approach in which the structural members are designed only with information of story and span length of the buildings and without structural analyses. However, due to the short time devoted to their development, these criteria miss satisfactory basis and do not deal with structural walls popularly used in Korea. Accordingly, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport launched a research on the 'development of structural performance enhancement technologies for small-size buildings against earthquakes and climate changes'.. As part of this research, this paper intends to establish direction for the preparation of deterministic structural design guidelines for seismic safety of domestic small-size reinforced concrete buildings. To that goal, a typical plan of these buildings is selected considering frames only and frames plus walls, and then design is conducted by changing the number of stories and span length. Next, the seismic performance is analyzed by nonlinear static pushover analysis. The results show that the structural design guidelines should be developed by classifying frames only and frames plus walls. The size and reinforcement of structural elements should be provided in the middle level of the current Korean Building Code and criteria for small buildings by considering story and span length for buildings with frames only, and determined by considering the shape and location of walls and the story and span length as well for buildings with frames plus walls. It is recommended that the design of walls should be conducted by reducing the amount of walls along with symmetrically located walls.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.317-342
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current state of foodservice and clinical nutrition management in a hospital-based nutrition department. Nutritional guidelines and survey reports of hospital evaluation programs from 2004 to 2009 were analyzed. In total, 275 hospitals in the first period and 288 hospitals in the second period were evaluated. The division of knife and chopping board use decreased from 97.2% in 2005 to 89.7% in 2008, the maintenance of a proper freezer temperature (below $-18^{\circ}C$) increased from 82.1% in 2004 to 97.7% in 2007 (88.9% to 97.4% from large hospitals and 69.8% to 86.5% from small/medium hospitals in 2005 and 2008, respectively). In tube-feeding management, the performance rate of material cold storage and the offer rate of tube-feeding were 65.9% and 94.2% in 2007, respectively. The cold storage of material, proper use within 24 hours after opening or production, and the use of an appropriate label were 47.3%, 71.2% and 67.2% in 2009, respectively. The rate of a management system for undernourished patients was 86.0% in 2007 (56.4% for large hospitals, 18.9% for small/medium hospitals) and 14.3% in 2009. In standards of nutrition support management, the performance rates of constructing a nutrition support team, the nutrition support team activity, and organizing multidisciplinary team were 66.7%, 43.6%, and 64.1% respectively, in 2004. For large hospitals, those rates were 61.1%, 36.1%, and 58.3%, in 2005, 93.0%, 62.8%, and 91.9% in 2007, and 69.2%, 43.6%, and 69.2% in 2008, respectively. The results of this study suggest standards on sanitary foodservice preparation, production, and tube-feeding production need to correspond with HACCP regulations for small/meidium hospitals in standards of a healthcare accreditation system. It will be necessary to understand the operating conditions of nutrition departments in convalescent hospitals, psychiatric hospitals, and geriatrics hospitals. As the application of accreditation is required from 2013, standards will need to be improved and continuously updated for healthcare accreditation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.123-134
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• 2010

Environmental conservation planning as set forth in the "Framework Act for Environmental Policy" is a representative planning that demands linkages with spatial development planning like urban master plan. However, despite the intentions and efforts of government (including revision of relevant guidelines etc.), controversy still continues regarding the efficacy of environmental conservation planning in respect of its linkages to spatial development planning. Accordingly, this study was devised to examine existing issues and produce proposals for improvement in ensuring the efficacy of environmental conservation planning by local governments. This study focused in particular on the establishment of spatial environmental plans as suggested in the guidelines of the Ministry of Environment for the purposes of strengthening the efficacy of environmental conservation planning. Based of questionnaires for relevant officials of local governments, the study found that although local governments with established current spatial environmental plans are not numerous, the need for establishment of spatial environmental plans were high in terms of the applicability of environmental conservation and spatial plans. Furthermore, this study also confirmed through analysis of questionnaires data, archival research and case study research that there were a number of salient issues including an overly access and program centered planning method based on individual pollution sources and individual post factor measures in the planning aspect, a lack of usable spatial information in the application of spatial environmental information, and inadequate connections with spatial development planning in respect of linkages with other plans. Under these circumstances, various proposals for improvement were presented including the establishment of contents in environmental conservation planning for each urban master planning item from the standpoint of planning, strengthening of basic environmental surveys for spatial planning and preparation of applicable proposals from the perspective of leveraging of spatial environmental information, and systematic improvements that can enable mutual consideration through feedback between environmental conservation planning and urban master planning from the perspective of connections with spatial planning.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 2012

Current estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock agriculture in Korea was based on Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (1996 IPCC GL) published in 1996 and emission data were published in National Inventory Report. New guideline book, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC GL), however, was published in 2006. Hence preparation to apply new guideline for the estimation of GHG emission would be necessary. In this study, 1996 IPCC GL and 2006 IPCC GL for livestock agriculture were compared. Estimated GHG emissions based on Tier 1 methods of 1996 IPCC GL and 2006 IPCC GL between 2000 and 2008 were also compared. Estimated GHG emissions based on 2006 IPCC GL were 1.27~1.33 times higher than those based on 1996 IPCC GL. These results were mainly caused by emission factors of each IPCC GL. More researches should be conducted to decrease uncertainties of national GHG inventories.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.475-482
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• 2013

The main active components of Panax ginseng are ginsenosides. Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 are accepted as marker substances for quality control worldwide. The analytical methods currently used to detect these two compounds unfairly penalize steamed and dried (red) P. ginseng preparations, because it has a lower content of those ginsenosides than white ginseng. To manufacture red ginseng products from fresh ginseng, the ginseng roots are exposed to high temperatures for many hours. This heating process converts the naturally occurring ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 into artifact ginsenosides such as ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, and Rh2, among others. This study highlights the absurdity of the current analytical practice by investigating the time-dependent changes in the crude saponin and the major natural and artifact ginsenosides contents during simmering. The results lead us to recommend (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 as new reference materials to complement the current P. ginseng preparation reference materials ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1. An attempt has also been made to establish validated qualitative and quantitative analytical procedures for these four compounds that meet International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit, robustness and system suitability. Based on these results, we suggest a validated analytical procedure which conforms to ICH guidelines and equally values the contents of ginsenosides in white and red ginseng preparations.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.288-309
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to develop a comprehensive and simple method for the simultaneous determination of 59 veterinary drug residues in livestock products for safety management. METHODS AND RESULTS: For sample preparation, we used a modified liquid extraction method, according to which the sample was extracted with 80% acetonitrile followed by incubation at -20℃ for 30 min. After centrifugation, an aliquot of the extract was evaporated to dryness at 40℃ and analyzed using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated at three concentration levels for beef, pork, chicken, egg, and milk in accordance with the Codex Alimentarius Commission/Guidelines 71-2009. Quantitative analysis was performed using a matrix-matched calibration. As a results, at least 52 (77.6%) out of 66 compounds showed the proper method validation results in terms of both recovery of the target compound and coefficient of variation required by Codex guidelines in livestock products. The limit of quantitation of the method ranged from 0.2 to 1119.6 ng g-1 for all matrices. CONCLUSION(S): This method was accurate, effective, and comprehensive for 59 veterinary drugs determination in livestock products, and can be used to investigate veterinary drugs from different chemical families for safety management in livestock products.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.473-482
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• 2012

This study is aimed to design for qualification structure and criteria for preparation of qualification test of the Livestock. In this study, a DACUM(Development A curriculum) method job analysis to extract contents such as task range, eligibility, examination standards, selection criteria of examination questions, examination methods, etc was done by an job analysis committee composed of 7 specialists in the industry and academia. In the first place, this report presents job analysis models by procedures for developing selection criteria of examination questions of the Livestock. The first step is preparation for job analysis(data research, interviews and selection of experts), the second step the establishment of job models(first expert council and site study), the third step the drawn-out of knowledge, skills, and tools(the second expert council and site study), the fourth step the selection of courses and an examination subject(the third expert council), the fifth step the establishment of guidelines for making questions(the third site study).

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.78-86
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• 2013

Caused by the Cheonanham attack and the Yeonpyeongdo bombardment occurred a few years ago, and the recent North Korea's nuclear test, the war crisis between South and North Korea has been increasing. Accordingly, an interest in obtaining a temporary residential space, for the case of the outbreak of war, where people can reside safely over a period of time has been escalating. However, in the disaster relief planning guidelines of the National Emergency Management Agency, the standards on the temporary residential spaces in preparation for storm and flood or earthquake are included, but the standards on the ones in responding to war are not yet equipped. In particular, the standards on the underground temporary residential spaces that can accommodate massive victims should be developed in preparation. In this study, through a requirements analysis based on the survey of war victims and a comparative analysis between disaster-related laws and regulations, the direction of relevant system improvement for the utilization of temporary residential spaces in responding to war is established.