• 정신신체의학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.108-115
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• 2006

연구목적 : 월경전기 증후군은 생리 주기에 따라 가임기 여성의 75%가량이 겪는 흔한 현상으로 생리전에 증상이 시작하여 생리후에 증상이 가라앉는 증후군이다. 이 월경전기 증후군은 월경전 불쾌장애와 더불어 여성의 우울 증상과 연관이 있는 것으로 보고되고 있으며, 최근에는 다른 심리적 요소와의 연관성도 보고되고 있다. 분노와 감정표현불능증(alexithymia)는 일반적으로 정신신체장애와 연관이 있는 것으로 보고되고 있으나 월경전기증후군에서의 연관성은 거의 밝혀진 바가 없다. 이에 저자 등은 월경전기 증후군과 분노, 감정표현불능증과의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 서울, 경기, 경북지역에 거주하는 여성 377명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구 도구로는 1달 동안 매일 자신의 생리주기에 따라 증상을 보고하도록 하는 Daily record of Severity of Problems (DRSP)와 생리전 시기에 작성하도록 한 Shortened Premenstrual Assessment Form(SPAF), Anger Scale, Toronto Alexithymia Scale 등으로 하였다. DRSP와 SPAE로 평가한 월경전기 증후군 125명과 비월경전기 증후군 여성 58명을 대상으로 분노와 감정표현불능증 수준을 통계적으로 분석하였다. 결과: 월경전기 증후군 여성들이 비월경전기 증후군 여성들보다 분노억제 (t=2.0, p=0.04), 분노전체(t=3.1, p=0.00) 점수가 유의하게 더 높았다. 월경전기 증후군 여성들이 비월경전기 증후군 여성들 보다 유의하게 감정표현불능증증 점수가 더 높았다(t=2.0, p=0.04). 월경전 불쾌장애 의심 환자와 일반 월경전기 증후군 여성, 비월경전기 증후군여성 3군으로 나누어 분노 수준과 감정표현 불능증 수준을 비교한 결과도 월경전 불쾌장애 의심 환자가 비월경전기 증후군 여성보다 유의하게 분노억제수준이 더 높았으며(F=4.6, p=0.01), 월경전 불쾌장애 의심 환자가 일반 월경전기 증후군 여성보다(F=5.1, p=0.01) 그리고 비월경전기 증후군 여성(F=5.1, p=0.03) 보다 유의하게 더 분노전체 점수가 높았다. 사회인구학적 변인 가운데 연령과 임신여부는 각 군간 유의한 차이를 보였으나 SPAF 및 분노, 감정표현불능증과 유의한 상관관계는 보이지 않았다. 결론: 월경전기 증후군여성들이 비월경전기 증후군 여성보다 분노 억압점수 및 분노전체점수(anger total)가 각각 유의하게 더 높았다. 또한 월경전기 증후군 여성들은 비월경전기 증후군 여성들보다 감정표현불능증 점수가 유의하게 더 높았다. 상기 결과는 월경전기 증후군 여성의 증상이 분노와 감정표현 불능증과 연관되어 있을 가능성을 시사한다.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.96-120
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• 2023

Objectives: This study reports the findings that support the efficacy of herbal medicine (HM) for premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Methods: We conducted meta-analysis of findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for PMS treated with HM. The articles were published before July 2022, located using 9 databases (Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, CNKI, CiNii, SCIENCE ON, KoreaMed, OASIS). Results: We observed 2,034 studies, of which 23 RCTs met our inclusion criteria. The risk of bias in the included studies was relatively unclear or high. Meta-analysis of 3 RCTs showed that HM group had a significantly higher total effective rate than the western medicine group (RR 1.20 [95% CI 1.06, 1.36, p=0.004]). Meta-analysis of 1 RCT showed that HM group had a significantly lower symptom score (MD -3.04 [95% CI -5.36, -0.72, p=0.01]), while there was no significant difference in daily record of severity of problems scale (MD -20.52 [95% CI -49.33, 8.29, p=0.16]). Conclusions: HM significantly improved PMS symptoms than general treatment and no serious adverse events were reported. However, the evidence on the effectiveness and safety of HM for PMS was not enough to provide reliable results due to the small number and low quality of included studies. We believe that rigorous RCTs will lead to more reliable evidence of the intervention.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.64-72
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• 2015

Menstrual problem (premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and dysmenorrhea) is a common gynecological complaints among women in reproductive age. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of isoflavone and Cynanchum wilfordii for improvement of premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea. Subjects were 30 college women in Busan, divided into three groups (CG; control group, n=10; IS group; isoflavone supplement group, n=10; CS group; Cynanchum wilfordii supplement group, n=10). They showed 5.0 or higher for menstrual pain when tested by the VAS. IS group was allocated a isoflavone pill (500 mg/day) for 8 weeks, and CS group was allocated a Cynanchum wilfordii pill (6 g/day) for 8 weeks. We administered a menstrual distress questionnaire (MDQ), and visual analogue scale(VAS). There were no differences among the three groups in general characteristics, nutrients intake, MDQ, or VAS. In the CG group, there were no differences in MDQ, or VAS after 8 weeks. In the IS group, negative emotions, behavioral changes, concentration, pain, autonomic nervous system response, water retention, and skin changes significantly improved (P<0.05). In the CS group, negative emotions, pain, autonomic nervous system response, and water retention significantly decreased after 8 weeks (P<0.05). Changes in negative emotion, pain, autonomic nervous system response, water retention, skin changes significantly improved in the CS group compared to the control group (P<0.05). VAS significantly decreased in the IS and CS groups (P<0.05). The decrease in VAS differed among three groups, with the CS group showing a larger decrease than the control group and IS group (P<0.001).

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.41-60
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 침 치료가 PMS 증상에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 침 처치, MSSL-D 작성, 혈액검사, 체열검사 등의 임상시험을 실시한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 1. 침 치료는 월경전기증후군의 증상을 효과적으로 개선하였다. 2. 침의 효과는 신체증상과 정신증상 모두에 효과적이었으며, 대조군 처치도 정신증상에는 증상의 개선을 나타내었다. 3. 월경전기증후군의 증상의 변화와 혈중 progesterone 농도의 변화는 유의한 상관성이 없었다. 윌경전기증후군에서 침 치료는 신체의 좌우의 체표면 온도 차이를 유의하게 조절하였다. 이상의 연구 결과에서, 침 치료가 월경전증후군의 증상개선과 인체 불균형을 조절하는데 유의한 효과가 있음을 보여주었으나, 충분한 수의 여성을 대상으로 하는 임상시험을 통하여 월경전기증후군 에서 다양한 변증에 따른 침의 효과를 증명하는 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.188-192
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• 1994

The author reports a 32 years old female patient with late luteal phase dysphoric disorder who received evening bright light treatment for 7 consecutive days during the late luteal phase of menstrual cycle. After the treatment, beneficial clinical effects were observed. This result suggests that bright light can be an alternative treatment for LLPDD. However, the placebo effects should be ruled out completely. Further controlled studies with more patients will be needed.

• 한국식품영양과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품영양과학회 2001년도 International Symposium on Food,Nutrition and Health for 21st Century
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• pp.38-47
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• 2001

L-theanine is a unique amino acid, found almost solely in tea plants. It is the main component responsible for the exotic taste of green tea. In our studies of L-theanine, we have found a variety of biological activities including relaxation and the alleviation of PMS. In general, animals generate very weak electric pulses on the surface of the brain, called brain waves. Brain waves are classified into four types, namely $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\delta$ and $\theta$-waves, based on their frequency. Brain waves correlate with individual mental conditions. For example, generation of $\alpha$-waves is considered an index of relaxation. In human volunteers, $\alpha$-waves were generated on the occipital and parietal regions of the brain surface within 40 minutes after the oral administration of 50 or 200 mg Suntheanine$^{TM}$ without causing drowsiness. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a symptom unique to women which appears in the luteal phase from the ovulation period through the first day of menstruation. It possesses characteristics of having a peak just prior to menstruation and disappearing 1 - 2 days following the start of menstruation. Symptoms of PMS are generally categorized as mental, physical and social symptoms. When comparing the reported Symptoms of PMS by the methods of MDQ score, the Suntheanine$^{TM}$ group was found to have a lower incidence of PMS symptoms, including physical, mental and social symptoms. Overall, a significant alleviation of PMS symptoms by the administration of 200 mg Suntheanine$^{TM}$ was observed. With the successful industrial production of L-theanine, we are now able to supply Suntheanine$^{TM}$, offering a tremendous opportunity for designing functional foods targeting relaxation and the alleviation of PMS.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.223-237
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• 1996

This study was conducted in order to contribute to female student health by providing fundamental data for health instruction and health counsel. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of PMS by a menstrual distress questionnaire, and determine sex-identity factors related to PMS. The data were collected by a questionaire conducted from December 1,1995 to December 20, 1995. The subjects of research were 1,102 high school students in Seoul. The data analyzed was done using the SPSS PC+, and the results were as follows; 1. The perceived subjective symptoms were clusted behavioral change, negative affects, pain, impaired concentration, water retention and autonomic reactions. The most common symtoms during the period of 2 to 10 days before menses were vaginal discharge(79%), back pain(70.4%), nervous tension(60.8%), fatigue(56.2%), abdominal bloating(54.5%), mood change(52.8), pelvic pain(46.8%), resistance to study(45.9) and talking(43.3). 2. There was a significant correlation between the clusters symptoms; negative affects and behavioral changes(r=.9326, p=.000), behavioral changes and impaired concentration (r=.8572, p=.000), negative affects and impaired concentration(r=.8411, p=.000) and autonomic reaction and pain(r=.7267, p=.000). 3. Sex-identity factors were related to PMS ; perception of the female(F=5.1811, p=.006) and pregnancy concerns (T=3.54, p=.000).

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was performed to identity the relationship between PMS and menstrual attitudes. Method: Data were collected from 417 female college students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do area during the period from the 6th of September to the 15th of October in 2004. Collected data were analysed using the SPSS WIN 11.0. Result: The results of this study were as follows: 1) Perceived subjective symptoms were clustered endogenous depressive feature($2.76{\pm}.97$), anxiety($2.76{\pm}1.09$), and impulsivity($2.72{\pm}1.02$). 2) PMS was significantly different according to the general characteristics of grade(F=3.414, p=.018), major(F=2.755, P=.004), menarche age(F=5.910, p=.003), pain(F=7.886, p=.000), family history(F=5.366, p=.005). 3) Menstrual attitudes was significantly different according to the general characteristics of grade(F=3.315, p=.020), major(F=3.813, P=.000), religion(F=6.313, p=.000), interval of menstruation(F=2.834, p=.016), pain(F=3.059, p=.048), family history(F=3.062, p=.048). 4) Menstrual attitudes and PMS were in a positive correlation with each other (r=.112, p=.002). Conclusion: This results showed that there is a significant correlation between PMS and menstrual attitudes. For further research, it is recommended to identity major factors affecting PMS and the relationships between them and various subjects.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.546-559
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• 2020

본 연구는 월경불편감을 겪는 대상자들의 월경전증후군 및 월경곤란증을 완화하기 위해 적용한 수기요법의 중재효과를 확인하기 위해 실시한 메타분석 연구이다. 2018년 5월 31일까지 출판된 문헌들을 대상으로 검색한 결과 11개의 데이터베이스에서 총1,808개의 연구가 일차적으로 확인되었으며, 두 명의 연구자가 포함기준 및 배제기준을 충족하는 30개의 논문을 최종 선택하여 RoB과 RoBANS를 통해 각각 질 평가를 수행하였다. 연구 결과, 월경전증후군에 적용한 수기요법의 중재효과는 발반사요법이 -1.20 (95% CI: -1.55 to -0.86), 이압요법이 -0.44 (95% CI: -0.68 to -0.20), 지압요법이-0.56 (95% CI: -0.80 to -0.32)으로 나타났다. 월경곤란증에 적용한 수기요법의 중재효과는 발반사요법이 -0.64 (95% CI: -1.07 to -0.20), 이압요법이 -1.09 (95% CI: -1.46 to -0.71), 지압요법이 -0.75 (95% CI: -1.00 to -0.50), 마사지가 -0.68 (95% CI: -1.08 to -0.27)로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 수기요법이 월경전증후군 및 월경곤란증으로 야기되는 월경불편감을 완화시키는 효과를 있음을 확인한 바, 추후 표준화된 수기요법 개발의 기초자료로 본 연구의 결과가 활용되기를 기대한다.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.267-280
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• 2013

Objective : One of the unique syndromes in Asian traditional medicine named 'heat entering the blood chamber(熱入血室, HEBC)' first appeared in Shanghanlun(傷寒論) and Jinguiyaolue(金匱要略) written by Zhangzhongjing(張仲景) who is the most famous doctor in ancient China. Method : Through comparison between Huangdineijing(黃帝內經), Shanghanlun(傷寒論), Jinguiyaolue(金匱要略) and other medical texts, the correct meaning, causes and mechanisms of HEBC can be analysed and organized to suggest new view of HEBC in modern society. Result : This syndrome is usually occurred in women during catching cold and menstruation, accompanying alternation of chillness and fever, pseudo-malaria, delirium, raveled chest(結胸), uterine hemorrhage, etc. The main sign of this syndrome, delirium belongs to the category of liver disease and fever in Huangdineijing(黃帝內經) which is a document more early published than Shanghanlun. Although there are still many other comprehensions about what blood chamber is, it could be the same as uterus according to Huangdineijing, it is relevant to the control of menstruation and emotions, and the function of liver and thoroughfare vessel(衝脈). Conclusion : HEBC is a syndrome exclusive to women, caused by their unique physical and psychological characteristics. It's beginning can be found in Huangdineijing, and by Shanghanlun and Jinguiyaolue, its concept as a single disease pattern becomes established. In other words, HEBC is a complex disease related to menstruation and its related hormonal dysfunctions, closely related to PMS, menopausal syndrome of today. Physical symptoms accompanied by psychological anxiety and fear is characteristic of this condition. Therefore gynecological approaches as well as socio-cultural issues related to women in modern society must be adopted when dealing with HEBC.