• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2012

Weight-controlling can be supported by a proper prescription of energy intake. The individual energy requirement is usually determined through resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity. Because REE contributes to 60-70% of daily energy expenditure, the assessment of REE is very important. REE is often predicted using various equations, which are usually based on the body weight, height, age, gender, and so on. The aim of this study is to validate the published predictive equations for resting energy expenditure in 76 normal weight and 52 obese Korean children and adolescents in the 7-18 years old age group. The open-circuit indirect calorimetry using a ventilated hood system was used to measure REE. Sixteen REE predictive equations were included, which were based on weight and/or height of children and adolescents, or which were commonly used in clinical settings despite its use based on adults. The accuracy of the equations was evaluated on bias, RMSPE, and percentage of accurate prediction. The means of age and height were not significantly different among the groups. Weight and BMI were significantly higher in obese group (64.0 kg, $25.9kg/m^2$) than in the non-obese group (44.8 kg, $19.0kg/m^2$). For the obese group, the Molnar, Mifflin, Liu, and Harris-Benedict equations provided the accurate predictions of > 70% (87%, 79% 77%, and 73%, respectively). On the other hand, for non-obese group, only the Molnar equation had a high level of accuracy (bias of 0.6%, RMSPE of 90.4 kcal/d, and accurate prediction of 72%). The accurate prediction of the Schofield (W/WH), WHO (W/WH), and Henry (W/WH) equations was less than 60% for all groups. Our results showed that the Molnar equation appears to be the most accurate and precise for both the non-obese and the obese groups. This equation might be useful for clinical professionals when calculating energy needs in Korean children and adolescents.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.155-165
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• 1997

Since the biggest time-dependent prestress loss of reactor containment structure is due to creep of concrete. the creep is one of important structural factors to be considered for the safety maintenance in the containment structure during design. construction and main enance. This paper is about the creep charactoristies of concrete for the reactor containment structure. In this paper, creep test was performed to show the creep characteristics of reactor containment concrete structure made of the type-V cement. Then, in order to evaluate the applicability of creep prediction equations of recently revised Korean Concrete Standard Specification(KSCE-96) and Japanes Concrete Standard Specification. ACI-209. CEB/FIP-90. and HANSEN, creep test results were compared with prediction results obtained from he equations. From the comparisons, it was shown that the equation of th KSCE-96 predicts creep for younger concrete than 1 year, better than the other equations and that all of the equations predicts creep, for older concrete than 1 year, smaller than test. From regression analysis. a creep prediction equation which effectively predicts creep of concrete due to loading after 1year was proposed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1430-1438
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• 2012

The present experiment was conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) content, and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy in growing pigs fed diets containing one of ten cottonseed meals (CSM) collected from different provinces of China and to develop in vitro prediction equations for DE and ME content from chemical composition of the CSM samples. Twelve growing barrows with an initial body weight of $35.2{\pm}1.7$ kg were allotted to two $6{\times}6$ Latin square designs, with six barrows and six periods and six diets for each. A corn-dehulled soybean meal diet was used as the basal diet, and the other ten diets were formulated with corn, dehulled soybean meal and 19.20% CSM. The DE, ME and ATTD of gross energy among different CSM sources varied largely and ranged from 1,856 to 2,730 kcal/kg dry matter (DM), 1,778 to 2,534 kcal/kg DM, and 42.08 to 60.47%, respectively. Several chemical parameters were identified to predict the DE and ME values of CSM, and the accuracy of prediction models were also tested. The best fit equations were: DE, kcal/kg DM = 670.14+31.12 CP+659.15 EE with $R^2$ = 0.82, RSD = 172.02, p<0.05; and ME, kcal/kg DM = 843.98+25.03 CP+673.97 EE with $R^2$ = 0.84, RSD = 144.79, p<0.05. These results indicate that DE, ME values and ATTD of gross energy varied substantially among different CSM sources, and that some prediction equations can be applied to predict DE and ME in CSM with an acceptable accuracy.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.171-179
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• 2016

Objective: The primary aim of the study was to generate new prediction equations for the estimation of maxillary and mandibular canine and premolar widths based on mandibular incisors and first permanent molar widths. Methods: A total of 2,340 calculations (768 based on the sum of mandibular incisor and first permanent molar widths, and 1,572 based on the maxillary and mandibular canine and premolar widths) were performed, and a digital stereomicroscope was used to derive the the digital models and measurements. Mesiodistal widths of maxillary and mandibular teeth were measured via scanned digital models. Results: There was a strong positive correlation between the estimation of maxillary (r = 0.85994, $r^2=0.7395$) and mandibular (r = 0.8708, $r^2=0.7582$) canine and premolar widths. The intraclass correlation coefficients were statistically significant, and the coefficients were in the strong correlation range, with an average of 0.9. Linear regression analysis was used to establish prediction equations. Prediction equations were developed to estimate maxillary arches based on $Y=15.746+0.602{\times}sum$ of mandibular incisors and mandibular first permanent molar widths (sum of mandibular incisors [SMI] + molars), $Y=18.224+0.540{\times}(SMI+molars)$, and $Y=16.186+0.586{\times}(SMI+molars)$ for both genders, and to estimate mandibular arches the parameters used were $Y=16.391+0.564{\times}(SMI+molars)$, $Y=14.444+0.609{\times}(SMI+molars)$, and $Y=19.915+0.481{\times}(SMI+molars)$. Conclusions: These formulas will be helpful for orthodontic diagnosis and clinical treatment planning during the mixed dentition stage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.871-879
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• 2014

Two experiments were conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents of corn gluten feed (CGF) for finishing pigs and to develop equations predicting the DE and ME content from the chemical composition of the CGF samples, as well as validate the accuracy of the prediction equations. In Exp. 1, ten CGF samples from seven provinces of China were collected and fed to 66 finishing barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an initial body weight (BW) of $51.9{\pm}5.5$ kg. The pigs were assigned to 11 diets comprising one basal diet and 10 CGF test diets with six pigs fed each diet. The basal diet contained corn (76%), dehulled soybean meal (21%) and premix (3%). The ten test diets were formulated by substituting 25% of the corn and dehulled soybean meal with CGF and contained corn (57%), dehulled soybean meal (15.75%), CGF (24.25%) and premix (3%). In Exp. 2, two additional CGF sources were collected as validation samples to test the accuracy of the prediction equations. In this experiment, 18 barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an initial BW of $61.1{\pm}4.0$ kg were randomly allotted to be fed either the basal diet or two CGF containing diets which had a similar composition as used in Exp. 1. The DE and ME of CGF ranged from 10.37 to 12.85 MJ/kg of dry matter (DM) and 9.53 to 12.49 MJ/kg of DM, respectively. Through stepwise regression analysis, several prediction equations of DE and ME were generated. The best fit equations were: DE, MJ/kg of DM = 18.30-0.13 neutral detergent fiber-0.22 ether extract, with $R^2$ = 0.95, residual standard deviation (RSD) = 0.21 and p<0.01; and ME, MJ/kg of DM = 12.82+0.11 Starch-0.26 acid detergent fiber, with $R^2$ = 0.94, RSD = 0.20 and p<0.01. These results indicate that the DE and ME content of CGF varied substantially but the DE and ME for finishing pigs can be accurately predicted from equations based on nutritional analysis.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.435-438
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• 2000

Diameter distributions describe forest stand structure information. Prediction equations for percentiles of diameter distribution and parameter recovery procedures for the Weibull distribution function based on four percentile equations were applied to develop prediction system of even-aged slash pine stand structure development in terms of the number of stems per diameter class changes. Four percentiles of the cumulative diameter distribution were predicted as a function of stand characteristics. The predicted diameter distributions were tested against the observed diameter distributions using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov two sample test at the ${\alpha}$=0.05 level. Statistically, no significant differences were detected based on the data from 236 evaluation data sets. This stand level diameter distribution prediction system will be useful in slash pine stand structure modeling and in updating forest inventories for the long-term forest management planning.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.8-16
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• 2014

Two-dimensional prediction capability of several analysis codes, such as XFOIL, MSES, and KFLOW, is compared and analyzed based on computational results of airfoil flows. To this end the transition transport equations are coupled with the Navier-Stokes equations for the prediction of the natural transition and the separation-induced transition. Experimental data of aerodynamic coefficients are used for comparison with numerical results for the transitional flows. Numerical predictions using the transition transport model show a good agreement with experimental data. Discrepancies have been found in the prediction of the pressure drag are mainly caused by the difference in the far-field circulation correction methods.

• Korean Journal of Hydrosciences
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• v.2
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• pp.39-59
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• 1991

Scour at bridge pier is a complicated three-dimensional problem involving interaction of fluld force on movable aid nonuniformily distributed sand grains. Although several analytical solution approaches, experimental research and field investigations for scout at piers have been conducted, no comprehensive and universally acceptable solution is so far available. Even though many methods and equations for predicting scour at piers are available in the literature, hydraulic and/or bridge design engineers are often at a loss over which method or equation is applicable for the specific bridge sites. To provide better understanding about scour phenomena and better predicting of scour at piers, intensive research is conducted through comprehensive review of published literature. Based on the research the state-of-the-art of pier scour prediction for design application is provided as a design guide for practicing engineers in this field. Recommendations for applying aggradation and degradation, contraction scour, and local scour prediction methods or equations are suggested. It is hoped that this paper may provide good information for the prediction of scour at piers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.71-83
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• 1995

The purpose of the study was to develop generalized equations for estimating stature and weight for the nonambulatory elderly persons. Height weight recumbent knee height total ann length, midarm, waist and calf circumferences, triceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured from over 60 years old 315 ambulatory elderly. The equations to predict stature and weight were derived from participants in the validation sample and were applied to the participants in the cross-validation to test the accuracy and validity of equations. Stature and weight were significantly and negatively associated with age of women and similar patterns observed in men but associated to a slight degree. Knee height and total arm length were highly correlated with stature but the majority of the variances in stature was accounted for by knee height for both the men and women. In men, waist circumference was the most significantly correlated with weight and am, calf circumferences and so forth. But in women arm circumference was the highest then waist and calf circumference in order. The possible predictor variables to estimate of stature were knee height total arm length and age for both elderly men and women. Predictor variables to estimate of weight were recumbent measures of waist am, calf circumferences and knee height for both sexes. Inclusion of skinfold thickness measurements did not improve the prediction power of estimation for weight. When both equations developed from the present study and Chumlea's study were applied to cross-valida-tions samples, the equations derived from present study showed better accuracy and validity. The presentation of prediction equations using two, three, or four recommended measurements allows the selection of an equation based upon the measurements that are possible to collect on an individual basis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.536-545
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• 1998

Background: The studies on prediction equations of pulmonary function parameters for adults in Korea have been performed in a reference population mainly consisted of young and middle ages. So they included a relatively few elderly who conducted pulmonary function test frequently in clinic. We established prediction equations of pulmonary function parameters for healthy adults over 50 years old in rural area and compared this results with those of other studies. Therefore we attempted to consider normative values of pulmonary function tests for elderly in Korea. Method: Five hundred thirty-three women and men over 50 years old in rural area were participated. A "healthy" subgroup of 110 women and 32 men were identified by excluding those who had conditions that negatively influenced pulmonary function. We derived prediction equations for FVC, $FEV_1$ and $FEV_1%$ by multiple linear regression method from their age, heights and weights in each sex. Results: Prediction equations for FVC and $FEV_1$ in each sex were derived as follows Male; FVC (L)=0.02488Height(cm)-0.0269Age(years)+0.493 $FEV_1(L)$=0.01874Weight(kg)-0.0282Age(years)+2.906 Female; FVC(L)=0.02160Height(cm)-0.0192Age(years)-0.0125 $FEV_1(L)$=0.01720Height(cm)-0.0194Age(years)+0.3890 Prediction equations for $FEV_1%$ were not derived because $FEV_1%$ didn't have statistically significant terms. Comparing Predicted values that were calculated by substitution into the equations of various studies of mean values of age, heights and weights from this study, FVC and $FEV_1$ values in men of this study were lower than those of other studies. In women, FVC and $FEV_1$ values of this study were as similar as or lower than those of the study conducted for healthy elderly blacks in U.S.A respectively. Conclusion: We have got prediction equations of pulmonary function parameters which were driven from forced expiratory spirogram in adults over 50 years old in rural area. Predicted values of this study were lower than those of other studies which were conducted in Korea. So we consider that the study for spirometry reference values for elderly Korean using the method compatible with ATS recommendation need to be conducted more frequently forward.