• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1999

The present study were investigated changes of precipitation behaviour of laves phase in ferrite single phase and ferrite-martensite dual phase and precipitation of laves phase under stress. Hardness changes in ferrite phase appeared two hardness peaks by precipitation of initial fine precipitator and laves phase in 3Mo-0.3Si and 3Mo-0.3Si-C specimens, respectively. Hardness changes in martensite phase of 3Mo-0.3Si-C specimen was lower in the initial stage of aging by carbide precipitation and after this, increased by re-hardening due to precipitation of laves phase. In the ferrite phase, laves phase was mainly precipitated, whereas in the martensite phase, carbide was preferentially formed during the initial stage of aging and with increasing aging time, laves phase and carbide were simultaneously precipitated by precipitation of laves phase at around carbide. In the ferrite-martensite interface, laves phase was mainly precipitated and carbide was mainly formed at boundary of lath martensite than grain boundary. Adding the stress in aging, fine precipitator of inital precipitation of laves phase precipitated in (100) of perpendicular to tensile direction and has grown to only followed<010>direction and also, volume fraction of laves phase increased. Consequently, the stress added was accelerated initial precipitation of laves phase.

• Korean Journal of Hydrosciences
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• v.6
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• pp.39-49
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• 1995

The surface hydrology of large land areas is susceptible to several preferred stable states with transitions between stable states induced by stochastic fluctuation. This comes about due to the close couping of land surface and atmospheric interaction. An interesting and important issue is the duration of residence in each mode. Mean transition times between the stable modes are analyzed for different model parameters or climatic types. In an example situation of this differential equation exhibits a bimodal probability distribution of soil moisture states. Uncertainty analysis regarding the model parameters is performed using a Monte-Carlo simulation method. The method developed in this research may reveal some important characteristics of soil moisture or precipitation over a large area, in particular, those relating to abrupt change in soil moisture or preciptation having extremely variable duration.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 1994

Purification and characterization of pectate lyase from Bacillus sp HSA-925. Bacillus sp. HSA-925 isolated from soil produced constitutively an extracellular pectate lyase when cultivated in LB broth. The pectate lyase(EC 4.2.2.2) was purified from the cuylture broth by preciptation with ammonium sulfate, followed by column chromatography on CM-cellulose C-50 and repeated gel filtration on Sephadex G-75G. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 32-33 kDa. The activity was mazimum at pH 9.5 AND 45$\CIRC $C. The enzume activity was stable at 55$\circ $C for 15 min and between pH7-12. The activation energy, Km and V$_{max}$ for the pectate lyase were 5.8779 kcal/mol, 6.33$\times $10$^{-2}$ mol/ml and 2.09$\times $10$^{2}$ $\mu $mol/min respectively. The enzyme was activated by Ca$^{2+}$, Cu$^{2+}$ and inhibited by Li$^{+}$, Hg$^{2+}$, EDTA.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.431-441
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• 1999

In this study, the regional frequency analysis is used to determine each subbasin drought frequency with reliable monthly precipitation and the L-Moments method which is almost unbiased and has very nearly a normal distribution is used for the parameter estimation of monthly precipitation time series in Nakdong river basin. As the result of this study, the duration of '93-'94 is most severe drought year than any other water year and the drought frequency is established as compared the regional frequency analysis result of cumulative precipitation of 12th duration months in each subbasin with that of 12th duration months in the major drought duration. The Linear regression equation is induced according to linear regression analysis of drought frequency between Nakdong total basin and each subbasin of the same drought duration. Therefore, as the foundation of this study, it can be applied proposed method and procedure of this study to the water budget analysis considering safety standards for the design of impounding facilities large-scale river basin and for this purpose, above all, it is considered that expansion of reliable preciptation data is needed in watershed rainfall station.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.260-280
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• 1994

The STEM II(Sulfur Transport Eulerian Model II) was adapted to simulate transport/ chemistry/deposition of air Pollutants in the Eastern China and Korea. A 32 hour model simulation starting from 9 A.M. of 1989 November 25 during which no preciptation was observed. The Prevailing wind direction is from west to east. The MM4(Meteorological Model Version 4) was used to generate meteorological data such as temperatures, horizontal wind velocities and directions, humidities, air densities. Eddy diffusivities, dry deposition velocities and vertical wind velocities were calculated from the meteorological data. The initial condition and the emission data base were constructed from the measurements and governmental reports respectively. The model predictions of NO, NO$_2$, SO$_2$, $O_3$ at Seoul, Inchon and Pusan agree reasonably well with measurements. The model's predictability for the primary air pollutants is improved considerably as the time passes. Thus, it is concluded that the model's predictability can be significantly enhanced by reducing the uncertainties of initial conditions.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 1989

Purification of polyphenol oxidase(PPO) from Korean native tobacco variety leaves was carried out through the procedure of acetone preciptation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and Sephadex G-150 gel filtration, resulting in a 84-fold increase in specific activity. The enzyme was stable in a range of pH 7.5 to 8.0 with an optimum of pH 7.5. The optimum temperature for the enzymic reaction was about $60^{\circ}$. It was thermostable with a half-life equal to 20 min at $70^{\circ}$. Km values for (+)-catechin and pyrogallol were $1.6{\times}10^{-3}$ and $0.5{\times}10^{-3}M$, respectively. It possesses high catecholase activity but little or no cresolase activity. Lineweaver-Burk analysis of inhibition data revealed that the inhibition of (+)-catechin oxidation by potassium cyanide, 4-nitrocatechol, cystein and 2-mercaptoethanol was competitive with Ki values of $1.1{\times}10^{-6}$, $1.8{\times}10^{-6}$, $8.9{\times}10^{-6}$ and $1.3{\times}10^{-5}$, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.323-332
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• 1996

Precipitation samples were collected by the wet-only sampling method at Seoul from September 1993 to June 1995. Sample were analysed for the anions $(NO_3^-, NO_2^-, SO_4^{2-}, Cl^-, and F^-)$ and cations $(Na^+, K^+, Ca^{2+}, Mg^{2+}, and NH_4^+)$ in addition to pH and electric conductivity. In order to establish the chemical analysis data of high quality, the assurance checks for analytical data of precipitation were performed by considering the ion balance and by comparing the measured conductivity with the calculated conductivity. As we applied the various assurance checking methods by the ion balance used until recently to a data set measured in this study, the f value expressed as $\Sigma C/\Sigma A$ was found to be not appropriate for the data screening. Also, the scattering plot between cations and anions in each sample was found to show the general tendency of ion balance but was proved to not quantitate the standard of data screening at a data set of samples of various concentration levels. The h value defined as (A-C)/C for C $\geq$ A and (A-C)/A for C < A was used to check the ion balance. However, the standard of data screening by h value must very in response to total ion concentration of samples. In this study, the quality assurance of chemical analysis data was checked by considering both the ion balance of evaluating by h value and the conductivity balance. Further the quality control was achieved by these quality assurance methods. As the result, 67 samples among total 77 were obtained as valid. As the central tendency value for a statistical summary in the analytical parametr of samples, the volume-weighted mean value was found to represent more the general chemistry of precipitation rather than the arithmetic mean. The volume-weighted mean pH was 5.0 and 25% of samples was less than this mean. The concentrations of sufate and nitrate in precipitation were 90.4 ueq/L and 32.4 ueq/L which made up 59% and 21% of all anions. The raion of $SO_4^{2-}/(NO_3^- + NO_2^-)$ in precipitation was 2.7, which indicates that the contributions of $H_2SO_4$ and $HNO_3$ to the acidity of precipitation are 70% and 30%, respectively.

• Water for future
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.53-70
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• 1977

The analysis performed here is aimed to increase the familiarity of hydrologic process especially for the small basins which are densely gaged. Kyung An and Mu Shim river basins are selected as a representative basin according to the criteria which UNESCO has established back in 1964 and being operated under the auspice of Ministry of Construction. The data exerted from these basins is utilized for the determination of characteristics of procipitation and runoff phenomena for the small basin, which is considered as a typical Korean samall watershed. The study found that the areal distribution of preciptation did not show any significant deviation from the point rainfall. Since the area studied is less than 20 km#, the pointrainfall may be safely utilized as a representative value for the area. Also the effect of elevation on the precipitation has a minor significance in the small area where the elevation difference is less than 200m. The methodology developed by Soil Conservation Service for determination of runoff value from precipitation is applied to find the suitability of the method to Korean river basin. The soil cover complex number or runoff curve number was determined by comsidering the type of soil, soil cover, land use and other factors such as antecedent moisture content. The average values of CN for Kyung An and Mushim river basins were found to be 63.9 and 63.1 respectively under AMC II, however, values obtained from soil cover complex were less than those from total precipitation and effective precipitation about 10-30%. It may be worth to note that an attention has to be paid in application of SCS method to Korean river basin by adjusting 10-30% increase to the value obtained from soil cover complex. Finally, the design flood hydrograph was consturcted by employing unit hydrograph technique to the dimensionless mass curve. Also a stepwise multiple regression was performed to find the relationship between runoff and API, evapotranspiration rate, 5 days antecedentprecipitation and daily temperature.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.95-106
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• 2013

It is now generally known that dynamical climate modeling outputs include systematic biases in reproducing the properties of atmospheric variables such as, preciptation and temerature. There is thus, general consensus among the researchers about the need of bias-correction process prior to using climate model results especially for hydrologic applications. Among the number of bias-correction methods, distribution (e.g., cumulative distribution fuction, CDF) mapping based approach has been evaluated as one of the skillful techniques. This study investigates the uncertainty of using various CDF mapping-based methods for bias-correciton in assessing regional climate change Impacts. Two different dynamicailly-downscaled Global Circulation Model results (CCSM and GFDL under ARES4 A2 scenario) using Regional Spectial Model for retrospective peiod (1969-2000) and future period (2039-2069) were collected over the west central Florida. Total 12 possible methods (i.e., 3 for developing distribution by each of 4 for estimating biases in future projections) were examined and the variations among the results using different methods were evaluated in various ways. The results for daily temperature showed that while mean and standard deviation of Tmax and Tmin has relatively small variation among the bias-correction methods, monthly maximum values showed as significant variation (~2'C) as the mean differences between the retrospective simulations and future projections. The accuracy of raw preciptiation predictions was much worse than temerature and bias-corrected results appreared to be more significantly influenced by the methodologies. Furthermore the uncertainty of bias-correction was found to be relevant to the performance of climate model (i.e., CCSM results which showed relatively worse accuracy showed larger variation among the bias-correction methods). Concludingly bias-correction methodology is an important sourse of uncertainty among other processes that may be required for cliamte change impact assessment. This study underscores the need to carefully select a bias-correction method and that the approach for any given analysis should depend on the research question being asked.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 2002

In order to elucidate the budget and cycling of Nitrogen and Sulfur, esential elements and principal constituents of acid rain, their input through precipitation, and their output by streamflow were quantified in coniferous and deciduous forested watersheds, using combination of nutrient concentration and hydrological analysis, in Kwangnung Experimental Forest from July 1991 to Decmeber 1993. Amount of annual mean precipitation was 12.916 ton·ha/sup -1/·yr/sup -1/, annual mean runoff 5,094 ton·ha/sup -1/·yr/sup -1/(39%), 7,647 ton·ha/sup -1/·yr/sup -1/(59%) in coniferous and deciduous forest watersheds, respectively. Amounts of annual input of N(NO₃/sup -/+NH₄/sup +/) and SO/sup 2-/₄ through preciptation were 12.5, 81.7 kg·ha/sup -1/·yr/sup -1/, respectively. Annual output via runoff of N(NO₃/sup -/+NH₄/sup +/) and SO/sup 2-/₄were 0.06, 39.23 ton·ha/sup -1/·yr/sup -1/ in the coniferous forest watershed ecosystem, and 0.15, 55.46 ton·ha/sup -1/·yr/sup -1/ in the deciduous one, respectively. On the basis of annual nutrient input and output, the annual budget of N(NO₃/sup -/+NH₄/sup +/) and SO/sup 2-/₄were +12.46, +42.49 ton·ha/sup -1/·yr/sup -1/ in the coniferous forest watershed, and +11.35, +26.26 ton·ha/sup -1/·yr/sup -1/ in the deciduous one. Thus N(NO₃/sup -/+NH₄/sup +/) and SO/sup 2-/₄were accumulated in both forested watershed ecosystems.