• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.338-347
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• 2016

The present study investigated the volatile compound, physicochemical, and antioxidant properties of beany flavor-removed soy protein isolate (SPI) hydrolyzates produced by combined high temperature pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Without remarkable changes in amino acid composition, reductions of residual lipoxygenase activity and beany flavor-causing volatile compounds such as hexanol, hexanal, and pentanol in SPI were observed after combined heating and enzymatic treatments. The degree of hydrolysis, emulsion capacity and stability, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, and superoxide radical scavenging activity of SPI were significantly increased, but the magnitudes of apparent viscosity, consistency index, and dynamic moduli (G', G") of SPI were significantly decreased after the combined heating and enzymatic treatments. Based on these results, it was suggested that the enzymatic hydrolysis in combination with high temperature pre-treatment may allow for the production of beany flavor-removed SPI hydrolyzates with superior emulsifying and antioxidant functionalities.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.203-209
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• 2009

The present study was performed to identify changes of plasminogen activator (PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) in porcine oviduct epithelial cells (POECs) during the estrous cycle. POECs obtained from ovary in pre-ovulatory (Pre-Ov), early to mid-luteal stage (Early-mid L) and post-ovulatory stage (Post-Ov). For the examine of PA activity, $1{\times}10^5$ fresh cells of POECs were cultured in DMEM/Ham F-12 containing 10% FBS and 0.2% amphotericin under humidified atmosphere of 5% $CO_2$ in air and $38^{\circ}C$. The urokinase-type PA (uPA) was observed at 7 days of POECs culture. PA activity was measured with culture prolonged of 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after culture of 7 days. The PA activity were high significantly (p<0.05) at 12 h of culture, but PA activity were decreased with culture periods increased. The PA activity in POECs of Post-Ov stage were higher significantly (p<0.05) than that of Early-mid L and Pre-Ov stage. When PAI-1 and PAI-2 were added during the POECs culture, the PA were observed significant low activity (p<0.05). The PA activity and protein expression were decreased by PA inhibitor. This results suggest that PAI-1 and PAI-2 have a suppressive action on change of PA activity during the estrous cycle of pigs. Specifically, this study using PA inhibitor was effect the PA activity and PAI expression in oviduct epithelial cells in pigs.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.983-989
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• 2011

This study aimed to identify mordant effects of Chestnut hulls. The color of post and pre-mordanted fabrics were measured in terms of H, V, C, $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$, and K/S values. In addition, color fastness and antimicrobial activity were evaluated. The pre-mordant concentration of Chestnut hulls for cotton, mercerized cotton and silk was optimized to 50% (o.w.f.) and 70% (o.w.f.), respectively. Post-mordant concentration of Chestnut hulls of mercerized cotton, silk and cotton was optimized to 50% (o.w.f.) and 90% (o.w.f.), respectively. The hue of fabrics was influenced by mordant methods, such as pre-mordant and post-mordant, slightly. Wet cleaning fastness of pre-mordanted cotton and mercerized cotton fabrics was higher than that of post-mordanted fabrics. The wet cleaning fastness of silk fabrics was not affected by the mordant method, and their fastness were proved to be excellent. The dry cleaning fastness of post-mordanted cotton fabrics was higher than that of pre-mordanted cotton fabrics. The dry cleaning fastness of mercerized cotton and silk was proved to be excellent regardless of mordant methods. The antimicrobial activity of Oenothera odorata jacquin dyed fabrics and Chestnut hulls mordanted fabrics was proved to 99.9%, and their excellent antimicrobial activity remained after wet and dry cleaning.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.641-648
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pre-heating treatment effects on the antioxidant properties of ethanolic garlic and onion extracts. Garlic and onion with or without heating ($100^{\circ}C$, 30 min) were extracted with ethanol, and the total phenolic content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, iron chelating ability, reducing power, and antioxidant activity in a linoleic acid emulsion system were evaluated. Garlic (41%) had a higher drying yield than onion (11%). Regardless of pre-heating, ethanol extracts of onion resulted in an approximately 25-fold higher yield than those of garlic. Thermal treatment before extraction decreased the levels of ethanol-soluble phenolics for both garlic and onion. Regardless of pre-heating, the radical scavenging abilities of ethanol extracts from garlic were greater than the ethanol extracts from onion. The iron chelating abilities of ethanol extracts from fresh and heated garlic were 85 and 81% at 10 mg/mL, respectively, whereas those of onion extracts were 10 and 9% at the same concentration, respectively. However, no differences in reducing power between garlic and onion extracts were observed. Both garlic and onion inhibited the formation of hydroperoxide in linoleic acid emulsion systems when ethanol was used as a solvent. Overall, garlic extracts had greater antioxidant activity than onion extracts, and the antioxidant activity of garlic and onion extracts were not significantly affected by thermal treatment.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2006

Peroxidase activity was measured in brown leaf spot pathogen (Myrothecium roridum) inoculated potted mulberry (Morus alba) during pre-symptomatic to various symptom development stages and compared with corresponding healthy leaf tissues. The enzyme showed a pH optimum of 7.0 and the activity was linearly increased up to 15 min of incubation. The peroxidase had a broad substrate specificity and the rates of oxidation were in the rank of pyrogallol> guaiacol> ascorbate at pH 7.0. Catechol at 10 mM inhibited 89% of guaiacol-peroxidase and 76% pyrogallol-peroxidase activities, indicated higher non-specific peroxidation in pyrogallol dependent assay system in mulberry than guaiacol. The optimum requirement for the guaiacol dependent assay was 0.2 ml (${\approx}40-60{\mu}g$ equivalent of protein) of crude enzyme source. Excepting the 8th leaf from the apex, the peroxidase activity did not vary appreciably in different leaf positions. In pre-symptomatic phases, an initial (1 to 5 min) rise of peroxidase activity was noticed in inoculated leaves, and then maintained a plateau up to 300 min. In contrary, non-infected tissue showed a slightly increased trend of enzyme level up to 420 min. In infected tissue, a sharp transient increase (3.1 fold) of peroxidase activity appeared between 300 - 420 min post infections. Afterwards, significantly different but steady maintenance of enzyme levels were observed in two treatments. On the other hand, during symptom development, a sharp increase in peroxidase activity was noticed up to 4th grade of lesion appearance (25.1 % to 50% of leaf area infection), and then declined slightly. However, in non-infected but same age healthy leaves, such huge fluctuations of enzyme level did not apparent. A high positive correlation $(R^2=0.92)$ between peroxidase activity and leaf spot development grades was also marked. The result implies that pre-symptomatic burst (between 1 - 5 and 300 - 420 min) and subsequent increased trend of guaiacol peroxidase activity may require for the symptomatic manifestation of Myrothecium leaf spot in mulberry.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.90-101
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• 2008

This study was conducted to develop pre-engineering educational program model based on STEM integration approach. To accomplish this purpose literature review and content validity ratio survey were carried out. The main results of this study were as follows: First, the conceptual model of STEM integration approach was constituted. Second, the conceptual model of pre-engineering educational program model based on STEM integration approach was proposed. Third, the formation steps of inquiry project activity, problem solving activity, and creative engineering design activity were developed to structure the educational program.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2002

Antimicrobial activity of silk and cotton fabrics dyed with gromwell colorants was examined by shake flask method. The effects of bacterial reduction rate on dye uptake and mordanting were explored. The silk(K/S value 8) and cotton fabric (K/S value 4) dyed with gromwell colorants showed high bacterial reduction rate of 99 % and 88 %, respectively. Post-mordanted silk fabric increased at K/S value, also showed higher bacterial reduction rate than unmordanted. But the effects of antimicrobial activity on mordants showed respectively different results. Pre-mordanted cotton fabric except Sn mordant increased at K/S value, but it was not significant. Pre-mordanted cotton fabric showed significantly higher bacterial reduction rate than unmordanted. Therefore, it was considered that dye uptake of cotton fabric dyed with gromwell colorants and mordants were involved in the bacterial reduction rate. It was concluded that gromwell colorants had antimicrobial activity.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.463-468
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• 2011

This study investigated the changes of plasminogen activators (PAs) activity, expression and localization of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) during the estrous cycle in pigs. Estrous cycle was sorted into three group by pre-ovulation (Pre-Ov), post-ovulation (Post-Ov) and early to mid-luteal stages (Early to mid-L). Analysis for immunohistochemistry was confirmed by location of tPA and uPA. Porcine uterus tissue was cut into $1{\times}1$ cm squares, and were incubated in DMEM/F-12 medium for 1 h at $38^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ for measurement of PA activity. Western blotting was implemented for measurement of PA quantity. In results, the blood vessels and secretory glands were increased in Post-Ov stage than Pre-Ov and Early to mid-L stages. The tPA and uPA was located mainly within lumen of blood vessels and secretory glands. The PA activity in Post-Ov ($0.99{\pm}0.03$) stage were significantly (p<0.01) higher than Pre-Ov stage ($0.51{\pm}0.03$) and Early to mid-L stage ($0.21{\pm}0.04$). Expression of PAs were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Early to mid-L stage than other stages. These results indicate that PAs activity and expression may change in uterus tissue during the estrous cycle in pigs.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.216-225
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• 2002

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an almost essential component of extracellular matrices. Early in embryogenesis mesenchymal cells migrate, proliferate and differentiate, in part, because of the influence of HA. Since the features of embryogenesis are revisited during wound repair, including bone fracture repair, this study was initiated to evaluate whether HA has an effect on calcification and bone formation in an in vitro system of osteogenesis. Mouse calvaria Pre-osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cells were cultured in ${\alpha}-MEM$ medium with microorganism-derivative hyaluronic acid that was produced by Strep. zooepidemicus which of molecular weight was 3 million units. The dosages were categorized in each 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/ml concentration experimental groups. After 2 and 4 days cultures in expeirmental and control groups, the tendency of cell proliferation, MTT assay, protein synthesis ability, collagen synthesis and alkaline phosphatase activity were analysed and bone nodule formation capacity were measured with Alizarin Red S stain after 29 days cultures. The cell proliferation was increased in time, especially the group of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml concentration of HA were showed prominent cell proliferation. After 2 and 4 days culture, experimental groups in general were greater cell activity in MTT assay. The protein synthesis was increased in all experimental groups compared to control group, especially most prominent in 1.0 mg/ml concentration group. The collagen synthesis capacity were increased in HA experimental groups, especially prominent in 1.0 mg/ml group and the activity of alkaline phosphatase were increased, especially also prominent in 1.0 mg/ml group, compared to control group. Above these, the activity of mouse carvarial pre-osteoblast cells was showed greater bone osteogenesis activity in all applied HA experimental group, especially group of 1.0 mg/ml concentration of HA.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1330-1335
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• 2016

Sasa species leaves have been used in traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and diuretic properties. Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai is a small bamboo grass that grows only on Mt. Halla on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. This small bamboo grass has recently been the focus of much attention due to its potential biomass as well as its beneficial health effects. In this study, to promote the efficient utilization of the S. quelpaertensis leaf, we established a simple preparation method for phytochemical-rich extract (PRE) by comparing phytochemical contents and biological activities according to extraction methods. high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that the contents of two major phytochemicals such as, tricin (5.35 mg/g) and p-coumaric acid (44.10 mg/g) contained in PRE were higher than those in fresh hot water extract (SQH, p-coumaric 23.39 mg/g, tricin 0.18 mg/g) and ethanol extract (SQE, p-coumaric 10.8 mg/g, tricin 0.38 mg/g). The antioxidant activities [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity] of PRE were higher than those of SQH and SQE. PRE effectively inhibited NO production in LSP- stimulation RAW 264.7 cells, and the growth of human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. These results suggest that PRE has a potential as a promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.