• PNF and Movement
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed (1) to identify asymmetry observed in electromyography (EMG) activity patterns of lower limb muscles between affected and unaffected sides of stroke patients during sit to stand (STS) movement and (2) to identify the muscles of the paretic lower limb that affected STS performance in stroke patients. Methods: This study consisted of 27 patients (15 males and 12 females) with poststroke hemiparesis. The activation of the rectus femoris (RF), tibialis anterior (TA), and gastrocnemius (GCM) of the affected side and unaffected side during STS movement were recorded using surface EMG. In addition, EMG lower limb muscle activation patterns were measured in the all section, pre-thigh off (pre-TO), and post-thigh off (post-TO) section. All measurements were obtained during five repetitions of the STS (FTSTS) movement. An independent t-test was performed to compare the affected side and unaffected side of the lower limb during the STS movement. A stepwise linear regression analysis was conducted to identify the muscles that affected STS performance. Results: Activation of both the RF and TA significantly affected the lower limb during the STS movement (p<0.05). Two muscles showed a difference on the post-TO section. The results of the stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the RF and TA muscles of the affected lower limb were affected in FTSTS. Conclusion: These results provide a basis for reinforcement training, focusing on the RF and TA muscles of the affected side of stroke patients to improve asymmetric movement and performance in STS movement.

• 융합경영연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2024

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to suggest the activation plan of the post-construction sales through the results of a survey on the perception of Seoul citizens and experts. Research design, data and methodology: The purpose of this study is to suggest the activation plan of the post-construction sales through the results of a survey on the perception of Seoul citizens and experts. Results: According to a survey of Seoul citizens' perceptions, 76.7% of Seoul citizens were well aware of post-construction sales and recognized that post-construction sales would reduce pre-sale speculation and confusion in the real estate market. Second, 73.6% of Seoul citizens were willing to buy houses through post-construction sales, and third, 79.6% of Seoul citizens recognized that a post-sale system was necessary. Experts' opinions generally responded to the expansion of the introduction of post-construction sales, saying, 'It is necessary for both the public and the private sectors'. Second, while experts say that there are also positive effects, negative effects such as polarization centered on large corporations, an increase in sales prices, and a decrease in housing supply are also concerned. Third, experts responded that 'diversification of financing methods' is the most important task in revitalizing the post-sale system. Conclusions: The policy implications are that it is necessary to mandate the post-construction sales in the long term, and that the quality assurance system needs to be supplemented even if the sale is promoted post-construction sales. In addition, private participation is essential to revitalize the post-construction sales, and government support such as initial financing, low-interest rates, and various financing measures should be sought to expand private participation.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.113-119
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• 2020

Objective: The vibration device is one of the most commonly used warm-up devices not only for healthy athletes but also for healthy individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the immediate effects of local vibration on ankle plantar flexor muscle activation and peak torque in healthy adults. Design: One-group pretest-posttest design. Methods: This was a single-group study comprising a total of 36 (16 males and 20 females) participants. The average age of the 36 participants was 22.3 years. All the participants' concentric and eccentric peak torques of the gastrocnemius lateralis muscle were measured using an isokinetic device. Simultaneously, the participants' muscle activity was measured by surface electromyography. After the pre-experimental data were collected, the participants comfortably sat on the prepared chair with their hips and knees flexed to 90°. While in sitting position, local vibration was applied for 10 minutes using a 1:1 ratio intermittent pulsing mode device based on a previous study. Then, the post-experimental data were collected immediately after the local vibration by performing a similar process performed during the pre-experimental data collection. Results: The results showed a significant difference in muscle activity and eccentric peak torque (p<0.05). On the contrary, concentric peak torque values showed an insignificant difference with pre- and post-value. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that local vibration can be possibly considered as one of the effective ways to increase ankle plantar flexor muscle activity and muscle performance, specifically the eccentric peak torque, in healthy adults.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.639-643
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• 1995

수소화된 비정질 게르마늄 (a-Ge : H)에 대해 전기전도율이 297-423K 사이에서 연구되었다. 측정된 전기전도율의 Arrhenius 구성에 의해 pre-exponential 인수 $\sigma$$_{0}$ 및 활성화에너지 $E_{c}$- $E_{F}$가 결정되었다. 튀어오름(kink) 온도의 존재로 인해 전기전도율의 arrhenius 구성이 두 exponential 함수에 의해 표현되었고, 이에 의해 결정된 페르미준위의 통계이동계수 ${\gamma}$$_{F}$는 약 8.65$\times$$10^{-3}$eV/K이었으며, $\sigma$$_{0}$는 약 2$\Omega$$^{-1}$$cm^{-1}$ /이었다. 전기전도율 데이터로부터 결함밀도가 수치해석적 방법에 의해 계산되었고, 결함밀도는 측정된 온도영역하에서 약 2배 정도 변화하였다 변화하였다화하였다

• PNF and Movement
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of a community based group exercise intervention on motor functional capacity. To evaluate the immediate(post-treatment) effects after 6-weeks exercise program on the group exercise intervention(PNF and Circuit exercise). Methods : Subjects-Included persons with stroke who were living in the community. Thirty-seven subjects were randomly assigned to the PNF, Circuit exercise and control group participated in a repeated measures design that evaluated the subjects with pre-treatment, post-treatment(6 weeks). Functional ability outcome measures assessed the motor assessment scale(MAS) and EMG. Both treatment groups participated in exercise cJass three times a week for 6 weeks. Group programs focused on balance, functional motor capacity and walking ability. The PNF program was modified PNF pattem and techniques with emphasis on functional tasks when possible, as well as stretching of the more affected limb particularly in the more affected shoulder. The Circuit program with subjects completing practice at a selies of work station as well as participating in walking races and relay with other members of the group. Results : Compared with the control group, the treatment group had larger improvements in the motor function ability after 6 weeks treatment and Post-treatment test scores were more significant than the pre-treatment score. 1. Motor function were assessed by using MAS, sit to stand, walking and upper function were assessed pre-treatment versus post-treatment measures revealed a statically significant(p<.05). There were significant differences between the groups. Compared with the control group, the treatment group had larger improvements. 2. In the treatment groups, demonstrated difference in the electromyographic activation of biceps, triceps, quadriceps and tibialis anterior muscles on the paretic side in the response to the reaching arm movement and stepping motion in stance. The difference in muscle activation improvement were not statically significant. Conclusion : The results of this study showed that the PNF and Circuit group exercise intervention can improve motor functional ability. This study suggests that the PNF and Circuit exercise programs is appropriate for community-based group exercise principles. It leads to gain and maintain potential function for disabled persons after stroke in the community.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.933-940
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• 2015

IT환경은 사물인터넷, SNS, 빅데이터, 클라우드 컴퓨팅 등으로 급변하고 있다. 이 기술들은 기존 기술에 새로운 기술이 추가되어 정보시스템 간의 복잡도를 증가시킨다. 그러므로 신규 정보통신서비스의 보안 기능 강화가 필요하다. 정보보호 사전점검은 신규 정보통신서비스 설계 단계부터 보안을 고려한 개발 단계를 제시하여 신규 정보통신서비스 제공자와 이용자에게 안정성 및 신뢰성 보장을 목표로 한다. 기존 '정보보호 사전점검(점검영역 22개, 통제항목 74개/세부항목 129개)'은 6단계(요구사항, 설계, 교육, 구현, 시험/테스트, 대응/사후)로 구성되어 있으며 실효성 검토를 위해 실제 정보시스템 개발 업체에서 파일럿 테스트를 수행하였다. 그 결과로 점검항목에 대한 개선 요구사항과 일부 점검항목의 재구성이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 본 논문은 정보시스템의 사전예방이 목적인 '정보보호 사전 점검'의 활성화를 위한 연구를 하였다. 그 결과로 요구사항과 보완사항이 반영된 '정보보호 사전점검(점검영역 16개, 점검항목 54개/세부항목 76개)'을 도출하였다.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2023

PURPOSE: This study analyzed how proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) combined with auricular acupuncture affected the activation of the leg muscles of stroke patients and measured the effects of this combination to provide clinical data. METHODS: The subjects were divided randomly into experimental group I, which received PNF combined with auricular acupuncture, and experimental group II, which received PNF alone. Each group had ten members. A 30-minute intervention was performed four days a week for six weeks. Before the six weeks of intervention, pre-tests were conducted to measure muscle activation in the legs. After six weeks, post-tests were also conducted to measure muscle activation in the legs. RESULTS: Experimental group I showed a statistically significant difference in muscle rectus femoris, muscle biceps femoris, muscle tibialis anterior, and muscle soleus. Experimental group II also showed a statistically significant difference in the muscle rectus femoris, muscle biceps femoris, muscle tibialis anterior, and muscle soleus (p < .05). In a between-group comparison of the changes, a statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of muscle rectus femoris, muscle biceps femoris, muscle tibialis anterior, and muscle soleus (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Intervention in experimental group I increased the activation of the leg muscles more effectively because auricular acupuncture was applied to various spots on the ear corresponding to the spleen, liver, kidney, pelvis, knee, ankle, and toe. Auricular acupuncture is expected to be used more widely in the future because it is a safe way of stimulating muscle activation.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 딥러닝에서 활용되는 정규화(regularization) 및 항등사상(identity mapping)이 활성함수(activation function) 성능에 미치는 영향에 대해 설명한다. 딥러닝에서 활성함수는 비선형 변환을 위해 사용된다. 초기에는 sigmoid 함수가 사용되었으며, 기울기가 사라지는 기존의 활성함수의 문제점을 극복하기 위해 ReLU(Rectified Linear Unit), LReLU(Leaky ReLU), PReLU(Parametric ReLU), ELU(Exponetial Linear Unit)이 개발되었다. 활성함수와의 연구와는 별도로 과적합(Overfitting)문제를 해결하기 위해, Dropout, 배치 정규화(Batch normalization) 등의 정규화 방법들이 개발되었다. 추가적으로 과적합을 피하기 위해, 일반적으로 기계학습 분야에서 사용되는 data augmentation 기법이 활용된다. 딥러닝 구조의 측면에서는 기존에 단순히 컨볼루션(Convolution) 층을 쌓아올리는 구조에서 항등사상을 추가하여 순방향, 역방향의 신호흐름을 개선한 residual network가 개발되었다. 위에서 언급된 활성함수들은 각기 서로 다른 특성을 가지고 있으나, 새로운 정규화 및 딥러닝 구조 연구에서는 가장 많이 사용되는 ReLU에 대해서만 검증되었다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 정규화 및 항등사상에 따른 활성함수의 성능에 대해 실험적으로 분석하였다. 분석을 통해, 정규화 및 항등사상 유무에 따른 활성함수 성능의 경향을 제시하였으며, 이는 활성함수 선택을 위한 교차검증 횟수를 줄일 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.191-196
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• 2011

Purpose: We investigated the effects of group III mechanoreceptors to cardiovascular responses in both pre-menopausal woman and post-menopausal woman during passive ankle dorsiflexion (PAD). Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers (10 post-menopausal women and 10 pre-menopausal women) were recruited for this study. Stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), and total vascular conductances (TVC) were measured continuously throughout the experiment. To stimulate the group III mechanoreceptors, PAD was performed for one minute. Results: The results showed that mean arterial pressure (MAP) mediated by the mechanoreflex activation was significantly increased in both groups. However, this pressor response was significantly higher in post-menopausal women. This reflex significantly increased both SV and CO in pre-menopausal women, while there were no differences in post-menopausal women. There was no difference in HR in either group. The mechanoreflex significantly decreased TVC in post-menopausal woman, while there was no difference in pre-menopausal woman. Conclusion: The results indicate that the excessive pressor response mediated by the mechanoreflex occurs due to overactivity of group III mechanorecptors and the mechanism is produced mainly via peripheral vasoconstriction in post-menopausal women.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.41-52
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• 1995

The effects of reaction temperature, SO2 and CO2 concentration in an air gas stream, particle sizes of limestone on the reactivity and capacity of SO2 removal have been determined in a thermogravimetric analyser(TGA). The apparent reaction order of sulfation reaction of pre-calcined lime(CaO) with respect to SO2 is found to be close to unity. The apparent activation energies are found to be 17,000 kcal/kmol for sulfation of pre-calcined lime and 19,500 kcal/kmol for direct sulfation of limestone(CaCO3). The initial sulfation reaction rate of pre-calcined lime increases with increasing temperature, whereas the sulfur capture capacity exhibits a maximum value at 90$0^{\circ}C$. In direct sulfation of limestone, sulfation reactivity and sulfur capature capacity of sorbent increase with increasing temperature and decreasing CO2 concentration in a gas bulk stream. The main pare of pre-calcined lime is shifted to the larger pore sizes and pore volume decreases with increasing sulfation time and temperature. The surface area of lime decreases with increasing calcination temperature under an air atmosphere, whereas is yearly constant under a CO2(5, 10%) atmosphere in a gas stream.