• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제36권5호
• /
• pp.351-359
• /
• 2010

The objectives of this study were to understand the characteristics of residents in industrial areas and factors affecting exposure to the Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs : Benzene, Toluene, Xylene) as well as to assess exposure levels according to house-type, and whether residents were indoors or outdoors. This research was designed to assess the differences in exposure levels to indoor, outdoor and personal VOCs in a case group and a control group across all areas, as well as in each different area, from May to October 2007, in. 110 residents of the G, Y and H industrial areas of the Jun-nam province. The geometric mea-levels of airborne benzene for the case group 1.31part per billion(ppb) indoor, 1.29 ppb outdoor, and 1.32 ppb for personal exposure were significantly higher than for the control group 0.99, 0.87 and 0.57 ppb, respectively. The geometric mean level for toluene personal exposure across the G, Y and H areas was 5.70 ppb for the case group and 6.31 ppb for the control group. While the outdoor level was 4.27 ppb for the case group and 5.06 ppb for the control group, The indoor level for the case group was 4.78 ppb, similar to that of the control group 4.69 ppb. The geometric mean levels for airborne xylene across the G, Y and H areas were 0.16 ppb(outdoor), 0.12 ppb(personal exposure) and 0.10 ppb(indoor) for the case group, and for the control group were 0.17(personal exposure) and 0.09 ppb(indoor and outdoor). The indoor/outdoor(I/O) ratio for case group is 1.19, while that of the control group is 1.15, indicating that the indoor level was higher than the outdoor level. The interrelationship differences among the three different types of levels in the air in the G, Y and H areas are statistically significant, except for the difference between the indoor and outdoor figures for xylene. In terms of the different types of houses and energy type uesd, the geometric mean level for airborne benzene, toluene and xylene for houses were 1.61, 5.39 and 0.12 ppb, respectively. while the figures for flats were 0.67, 3.32 and 0.05 ppb, respectively. Outdoors, the levels of benzene and toluene in flats were 0.71 and 2.62 ppb, respectively. and 1.58 and 5.35 ppb in houses. For personal exposure, the house levels of benzene, toluene and xylene were all higher than for flats. Houses using oil for heating have significantly higher levels than flats, which use gas for heating.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 1989

A pilot study was conducted in order to measure indoor and outdoor formaldehyde levels during August 3 - 22, 1988 in several underground spaces in Seoul. Formaldehyde concentrations were monitored during 1 week in selected sampling areas (subway station, underground shopping center, underpass, tunnel, underground parking lot) using passive formaldehyde monitors. In order to investigate a relationship between respiratory prevalence and levels of formaldehyde, each subject was asked to answer respiratory questions. The mean formaldehyde concentrations were 60.1 ppb in subway station, 122.2 ppb in underground shopping stores, 72.1 ppb in underpasses, 39.7 ppb in tunnel, and 75.9 ppb in underground parking lots, respectively. The mean indoor formaldehyde concentrations in underground environments varied from 28.6 ppb to 118.7 ppb. Generally, the mean formaldehyde concentrations in ticketing office in subway stations appeared higher than those level measured in platform. The mean formaldehyde concentrations of underground shopping center in Gangnam Terminal were higher than any other areas and it exceeded 100 ppb of the American Ambient Air Quality Standards of formaldehyde. Prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms of dwellers seemed to be related to higher indoor formaldehyde levels.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.609-622
• /
• 1997

부산지역의 한 아파트 단지내 489세대를 대상으로 아파트 실내외의 $NO_2$ 농도를 측정하고 동시에 $NO_2$ 농도의 관련 변수들을 조사하여 양자간의 관련성을 파악하고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. 아파트 실내외의 $NO_2$, 농도는 개인용 $NO_2$, 포집관 (Palmes tube)을 사용하여 1995년 8월 16일 - 8월 25일 (하계)과 1996년 1월 15일 - 1월 29일 (동계)간에, 그리고 가스렌지 근처, 주방, 거실 및 아파트 옥외에서 측정하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 각 세대의 가스렌지 근처와 주방, 거실 및 실외의 평균 $NO_2$, 농도는 하계는 각각 $25.9{\pm}10.0ppb,\;23.3{\pm}8.0ppb,\;19.9{\pm}6.1ppb$ 및 $19.0{\pm}6.0ppb$이며, 동계는 $34.5{\pm}16.8ppb\;28.2{\pm}13.4ppb,\;25.3{\pm}12.5ppb$ 및 $21.8{\pm}9.8ppb$로서 동하계 공히 부엌의 가스렌지 근처의 $NO_2$, 농도가 최고이었고 하계에 비하여 동계의 실내외 $NO_2$ 농도가 유의하게 높았다. 리 아파트 층수별 $NO_2$ 농도는 하계에는 층수에 따른 $NO_2$, 농도의 유의한 변화가 없었으나, 동계는 16층 이상을 제외하면 층수가 높아짐에 따라 $NO_2$ 농도가 감소하였다. 기 아파트 실내 $NO_2$ 농도의 관련변수는 하계의 경우 층수, 가족수, 1회 식사시 평균 가족수, 취사시 가스렌지 1일 평균 사용횟수, 자연 환기이었고, 동계에는 층수, 가족수, 1회 식사시 평균 가족수, 총 식사 인원수, 식사 횟수, 가족의 총 연령, 취사시 가스렌지 1일 평균 사용 횟수, 조리시 가스렌지 1일 평균 사용 횟수, 호흡기 질환자 유무 등이었다. 4) 아파트 실내 $NO_2$ 농도의 감소 방안으로는 취사 혹은 조리시 환기를 철저히 하고, 완전연소, 연소의 횟수와 시간 단축 및 연료의 대체가 필요하다고 생각한다.

• 환경위생공학
• /
• 제11권3호
• /
• pp.47-52
• /
• 1996

Personal exposure levels of $NO_{2}$ for office workers and housewives Living in A-San and neighboring prefectures were measured in two seasons with $NO_{2}$ filter badge. $NO_{2}$ concentrations in indoor and outdoor air in their offices and houses were also measured in the same periods. Personal exposure levels in winter ranged from 13 to 132 ppb and its distribution pattern was remarkably different from the other seasons (15.2-17.9 ppb). This fact suggests that use of heating apparatus affects largely $NO_{2}$ indoor air pollution in winter seasons. Actually, $NO_{2}$ exposure levels of subjects used Kerosene heater (43.6ppb) and gas heater (33.4ppb) were higher than those of subjects unused heating apparatus (18.0ppb). Personal exposure levels of $NO_{2}$ for man and woman Living in the same houses were correlated well each other. The time spent indoors for office workers and housewives were both longer than 22 hour a day. Home staying time was about 60% of total indoor staying time for office workers and 90% or more for housewives. Personal exposure levels were significantly related to indoor exposure levels at home all seasons. Furthermore, personal exposure levels could be estimated from $NO_{2}$ concentrations and staying times in various Living environment.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.37-44
• /
• 2008

본 연구에서는 퍼클로레이트 분석에 주로 사용되고 있는 IC와 LC/MS를 사용해 퍼클로레이트 분석법을 정립하고 각 분석법의 장단점 및 효율을 파악해 수질 및 토양 시료에서의 퍼클로레이트를 모니터링 하고자 하였다. 각 분석기기를 사용한 최적분석 방법을 정립한 결과 IC에서의 MDL은 1 ppb였으며 LC-MS에서의 MDL은 0.005 ppb였다. 정립된 분석방법으로 부산시 내의 지하수 및 약수터, 하수처리장과 토양 시료를 대상으로 하여 퍼클로레이트 모니터링을 실시하여 퍼클로레이트에 대한 노출정도를 평가하였다. 평균 퍼클로레이트 농도는 약수터에서는 0.013 $\pm$ 0.014 ppb, 지하수 0.031 $\pm$ 0.011 ppb로 나타났고 하수처리장 폐수에서는 0.007$\sim$0.380 ppb의 범위로 퍼클로레이트가 검출되었다. 모든 시료에서의 퍼클로레이트 농도는 EPA 기준인 24.5 ppb 이하로 나타났다.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제61권1호
• /
• pp.7.1-7.7
• /
• 2021

The levels of aflatoxin (AFT) and ochratoxin (OCT) were assessed at different seasons in raw materials, different feed manufacture processing stages, and animal feeds in feed mills in Korea implementing the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system. Two hundred samples were collected in all four seasons from five feed mills implementing the HACCP system and examined for AFT and OCT contents. The AFT and OCT levels were analysed by using HPLC method to provide information on raw material and product stage. The AFT content of raw ingredients in the spring season was highest in corn gluten (3.84 ppb) and lowest in corn (1.82 ppb) The AFT content of corn was highest in the winter season (2.17 ppb). The content of OCT in wheat was highest in the winter season. The amounts of AFT and OCT at processing stages were higher than in the raw materials or feed. In particular, AFT content was higher in the transfer stage (3.88 ppb) than in the mixing (2.86 ppb) or filling stages (3.45 ppb) in the summer season. The means of AFT and OCT level in laying hen feed was 3.41 ppb and 1.14 ppb for broiler feed, respectively. The means of AFT and OCT level in and broiler feeds was 3.44 ppb and 1.17 ppb for broiler feed, respectively.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.177-184
• /
• 1976

1576년 8월 11일 대조일과 8월 20일 소조일에 울산만 및 인근해역의 수은, 카드뮴, 구리, 납, 아연의 농도분포를 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 대조시의 수은농도는 0.00-0.20ppb에 평균 0.06ppb, 카드뮴은 0.00-1.80ppb에 평균0.22ppb, 구리는 0.83-10.60ppb에 평균 1.67ppb,남은 0.00-4.53 ppb에 평균 1.35ppb, 아연은 0.0-21.8ppb에 평균 4.4ppb였으며, 소조시에는 수은이 0.00-0.10ppb에 평균 0.03ppb, 카드뮴은 0.00-0.54ppb에 평균 0.19ppb, 구리는 0.51-2.60ppb에 평균 0.92ppb, 납은 0.00-2.21ppb에 평균 1.00ppb, 아연은 0.0-13.5ppb에 평균 3.3ppb였다. 2) 대조시가 소조시보다 각 금속의 농도범위 및 평균값이 높았고 해역별 차이도 컸다. 3) 울산항내에는 아연을 제외한 수은, 카드뮴, 만내 해역도 외양해수에 비하여 높은 편이었으나 만외해역은 일반연안 해역과 비슷한 농도를 보였다. 4) 울산항내는 대조시에 염분온도가 낮고 pH가 낮은 수질상태를 보였다. 5) 만외 해역중 온산면의 당월과 송정부근 해역이 수은, 카드뮴, 납, 아연의 농도가 인근 해역에 비해 높은 분포를 보였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제41권10호
• /
• pp.1460-1466
• /
• 2012

전국 25개 지역 염전에서 생산된 갯벌천일염 뿐만 아니라 천일염을 결정하는 함수 및 근원이 되는 염전 저수지 해수를 채취하여 가소제 오염수준을 평가하고, 갯벌천일염 및 염전 결정지 PVC 사용연수에 따른 환경호르몬의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 천일염의 DEP는 불검출에서 1.55 ppb 수준을 나타내었으며, DIBP는 불검출에서 2.38 ppb, DBP는 불검출에서 4.90 ppb, DEHA는 불검출에서 2.32 ppb 수준으로 검출되었으며, BBP는 불검출에서 1.45 ppb 수준으로 무시할 정도의 수준이었다. 천일염을 생산하는 염전에서 결정지 바닥재로 PVC 장판을 사용하면서 최근 가장 문제가 되고 있는 DEHP는 천일염을 생산하는 지역에 따라 불검출에서 268.5 ppb 수준으로 검출되었으며, 이러한 결과는 천일염에 0.268 ppm 포함되어 있는 것으로, 인체 안전성을 우려할만한 수준은 아닌 것으로 나타났다. 또한 DMP, DPrP, DNPP, DNHP, DCHP는 모든 시료에서 불검출 되었다. 전국 염전 저수지 해수 및 함수에 포함된 프탈레이트는 무시할 정도의 수준이었으며, 염전 저수지 해수에 대한 DEHP는 불검출에서 3.4 ppb 수준, 함수는 불검출에서 21.4 ppb 수준을 나타내어 불검출 수준이었다. 또한 염전 결정지 PVC 장판 사용기간에 따른 환경호르몬(DEHP) 오염여부가 의심됨에 따라 장판 사용 년수와 천일염에서 검출된 DEHP와의 관계를 분석한 결과 r=0.0362의 낮은 상관계수를 나타내었다.

• 환경위생공학
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.134-141
• /
• 2000

The person' spending time in underground s[aces within indoor environment show a tendency to increase every year, but in Korea, levels and sources of pollutant in underground spaces have not been well-characterized. Therefore, as part or a larger indoor environmental study, conducted at subway station in Seoul, nitrogen dioxide was measured using passive samplers in 16 subway stations, 2 tunnels and 70 workers of subway station. The mean concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in subway stations were $27.87{\pm}7.15$ ppb at station office, $35.76{\pm}8.35$ ppb at platform, $52.60{\pm}13.04$ ppb at outdoor, respectively, and the Indoor/Outdoor ratio were 0.49~0.93. The mean concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in tunnels were $44.91{\pm}4.67$ ppb in Chunggye-Nowon tunnel with a single track, $42.55{\pm}3.33$ ppb in Mokkol-Taenung tunnel with double track, respectively, and as a result of t-test, a single track levels were higher than double track levels(p<0.05). The mean personal exposure of the subject of station workers was $29.40{\pm}9.75$ ppb.

• 환경위생공학
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.68-74
• /
• 1999

The atmospheric concentrations of Nitrogen Dioxide ($NO_2$) and Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) at the traffic road side were measured n Asan area, Choongchumg-namdo during May 1998 and January, 1999.The results of the study are as follows;1. The aversge value of airbone $NO_2$ and TSP levels were 28.5ppb and 5.9mg/me in Asan area. 2. The concentration distribution of NO2 and TSP is high for the season of winter. On a daily pattern, somewhat high value is appeared in the afternoon. 3. For the station, terminal, and Shinchang, the average value of $NO_2$ is 33.6ppb, 27.9ppb and 24.1ppb in sequence, and the ones of TSP is 6.3mg/m3, 6.0mg/m3 and 5.3mg/m3 in order.4. The high levels of $NO_2$ and TSP were positively related to traffic volume.