• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.364-368
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• 2007

Enterobacter sakazakii may be related to outbreaks of meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis, mainly in neonates. To reduce the risk of E. sakazakii in baby foods, thermal characteristics for Korean E. sakazakii isolates were determined at 52, 56, and $60^{\circ}C$ in saline solution, rehydrated powdered infant formula, and dried baby food. In saline solution, their D-values were 12-16, 3-5, and 0.9-1 min for each temperature. D-values increased to 16-20, 4-5, and 2-4 min in rehydrated infant formula and 14-17, 5-6, and 2-3 min in dried baby food. The overall calculated z-value was 6-8 for saline, 8-10 for powdered infant formula, and 9-11 for dried baby food. Thermal inactivation of E. sakazakii during rehydration of powdered infant formula was investigated by viable counts. Inactivation of cultured E. sakazakii in infant formula milk did not occur for 20 min at room temperature after rehydration with the water at $50^{\circ}C$ and their counts were reduced by about 1-2 log CFU/g at $60^{\circ}C$ and 4-6 log CFU/ml with the water at 65 and $70^{\circ}C$. However, the thermo stability of adapted E. sakazakii to the powdered infant formula increased more than two times. Considering that the levels of E. sakzakii observed in powdered infant formula have generally been 1 CFU/100 g of dry formula or less, contamination with E. sakazakii can be reduced or eliminated by rehydrating water with at least $10^{\circ}C$ higher temperature than the manufacturer-recommended $50^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2005

Powered infant formula and baby food contaminated with Enterobacter sakazakii were reported to cause infection among infants and to be associated with sporadic cases and outbreaks of sepsis, menigitis, cerebritis, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Salmonella contamination of infant formula has also been responsible for multiple outbreaks. Other species of Enterobacteriaceae in powdered infant formula may be causative agents, about which there has been no report. Other pathogenic bacteria have been isolated from powdered infant formula but they were not associated with outbreaks among infant. While Enterobacter sakazakii caused disease in all age groups, premature infants under 28 days old and with birth weight are most sensitive to its infection. Even if low contamination level of the bacteria in powdered infant formula and baby food may not cause infection, the possibility to multiplicate during preparation and storage of reconstituted formula may increase. The etiological factors and pathogenecity of S. sakazakii have not been elucidated. There were wide variability in phenotype and genotype between its strains. S. sakazakii has been isolated from factory facility and surroundings more frequently than Salmonella and thus factory environment should be the source for post-processing contamination of the formula with S. sakazakii. Considering current technology to manufacture power infant formula and baby food it is impossible to sterilize powdered formula but the frequency of outbreak hazard by S. sakazakii can be reduced by pasteurizing the formula base before drying and shortening storage time of the reconstituted formula.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.875-877
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• 2005

Presence of Enterobacter sakazakii, occasional pathogen of powdered infant formula causing rare, but life-threatening diseases such as neonatal meningitis, bacteremia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and necrotizing meningoencephalitis after ingestion was examined in 45 powdered infant formula products manufactured in Korea using chromogenic Druggan-Forsythe-Iversen (DFI) medium, and isolates were identified with API 20E. Ent. sakazakii was isolated from three products. Ent. sakazakii isolates were genotyped by RAPD-PCR using two random primers, and their banding patterns were compared.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1171-1177
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• 2008

This study was undertaken to classify Enterobacter sakazakii isolates from 13 powdered infant formula products, 25 powdered weaning diet products, and 33 weaning diet ingredients on polymerse chain reaction (PCR) methods. The numbers of the isolates from 1 powdered infant formula product, 7 powdered weaning diet products, and 6 weaning diet ingredients were 1, 14, and 8, respectively. The contaminated ingredients were 1 rice powder, 2 millet powders, 2 vegetable powders, and 1 fruit and vegetable premix. PCR with the primer of repetitive extragenic palindromic element (REP-PCR) and random amplification of polymorphic DNA(RAPD) were effective in discriminating among the isolates, but tRNA-PCR and PCR with the primer of l6S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS-PCR) were not. Some of E. sakazakii isolates from vegetable powders, fruit and vegetable premix, and millets powders were classified into the clonal groups based on the DNA patterns in the REP-PCR and RAPD analysis. A close genetic relationship among the isolates from some of the powdered weaning diet products and the rice powder was also detected in the cluster analysis based on the DNA patterns in RAPD.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.376-390
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• 2018

Cronobacter species have been associated with disease outbreaks and sporadic infections, particularly in premature and immunocompromised infants. Cronobacter species can cause foodborne infections such as neonatal meningitis, septicaemia and necrotising enterocolitis. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to control and monitor the Cronobacter species in food, especially in powdered infant formula (PIF) and other baby foods. Therefore, in this review, the isolation and prevalence of Cronobacter species in infant food including PIF and the recent advance of detection methods are discussed for the better understanding on the current research status of Cronobacter species.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.251-262
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to assess the nutrient intakes from infant formula and supplemental foods of 246 healthy infants fed infant formula, aged from 5 to 18 months. Subjects were devided into two groups depending on supplemental food type for weaning, Domestic supplemental foods (mainly home-made, n = 129) and Delivery supplemental foods (mainly commercially-delivered, n = 117). Four subgroups were assigned to 5-6 months, 7-8 months, 9-11 months, and 12-18 months by ages, respectively. Dietary assessment was carried out using 24-hour-recall method. Formula intakes in the delivery group tended to decrease accordingly with the ages. However, in the domestic group, formula intakes up to 8 months were similar and decreased after 9 month. Energy, protein, calcium and iron intakes from infant formula and supplemental foods were assessed. Energy intake at 12-18 months were lower than the RDA in both groups. Daily intake of protein and calcium at all ages were much higher than the RDA in both groups. Therefore, protein and calcium overnutrition were elucidated. Especially, protein intake at 5-6 months, calcium intake at all ages from infant formula was higher than the RDA in both groups. Iron intake at 5-6 months from infant formula were higher than the RDA. Consequently, as for infant formula, it was suggested that not only formula intakes but also nutrient content in formula should be reconsidered. On the other hand, nutrient intakes from supplemental foods in the domestic group tended to be higher than that of the delivery group. Especially at 9-11 months, significant differences between the two groups were observed. This may be due to high dependency on commercial powdered baby food in the domestic group. This study revealed that daily nutrient intakes of formula-fed infants are desirable but nutrient intakes from infant formula are too high. Conclusively, this study suggests that as the age of infants increases, formula intakes should be controlled and various supplemental foods besides commercially powdered baby food should be appropriately provided.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.757-762
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• 2010

Cronobacter is a major foodborne pathogen in powdered infant formula and can lead to serious developmental after-effect and death to infants. The contamination of Cronobacter may be a high risk for the powdered foods. To isolate and identify Cronobacter from the powdered foods such as powdered infant formula and Saengsik in Korea, a conventional culture method, rapid identification system, PCR, and 16S rDNA sequencing were performed. As the results of isolation, seven Cronobacter spp. were isolated from seven out of 102 powdered infant formulas and 41 Cronobacter were isolated from 41 out of 86 Saengsiks. Forty-eight Cronobacter isolates were identified to be C. sakazakii and C. dublenisis by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Most of the isolates were C. sakazakii and 13% of the isolates were C. dublinesis. One fourth of the C. sakazakii isolates showed different biochemical characteristics of negative nitrate reduction and nonmotility activities compared with the other strains reported previously.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.56.1-56.1
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• 2007

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• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.731-738
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• 2021

Herein, a novel analytical method using a high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector (HPLC/FLD) is developed for rapidly measuring an L-carnitine ester derivative in infant powdered milk. In this study, solid-phase extraction cartridges filled with derivatized methanol and distilled water were used to effectively separate L-carnitine. Protein precipitation pretreatment was carried out to remove the protein and recover the analyte extract with a high recovery (97.16%-106.56%), following which carnitine in the formula was derivatized to its ester form. Precolumn derivation with 1-aminoanthracene (1AA) was carried out in a phosphate buffer using 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) as the catalyst. Method validation was performed following the AOAC guidelines. The calibration curves were linear in the L-carnitine concentration range of 0.1-2.5 mg/L. The lower limit of quantitation and limit of detection of L-carnitine were 0.076 and 0.024 mg/L, respectively. The intra- and interday precision and recovery results were within the allowable limits. The results showed that our method helped reduce the sample preparation time. It also afforded higher resolution and better reproducibility than those obtained by traditional methods. Our method is suitable for detecting the quantity of L-carnitine in infant powdered milk containing a large amount of protein or starch.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.59-70
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• 2016

Packaging is thought to contribute to the consumers' purchasing choice of the powdered infant formula products. In Asian market, the products of international and local brands are competing. Evaluation and analysis of food package functions for a variety of brand products will be helpful for the innovative packaging development. Thus, the packaged products of powdered infant formula were collected in Chinese, Indonesian and Korean supermarkets as a typical Asian market and examined in terms of main food packaging functions. Metal cans were the most dominant type of big size package (800-1000 g) while flexible bags were often the common one of medium size (400 g). In general, convenience function was provided in forms of easy opening device and portioning take-out spoon. Information on primary and secondary shelf lives was given besides nutritional facts and use instruction for communication function. The combination of $N_2$ and $CO_2$ was usually employed to protect powdered infant formula in rigid packages, whereas only $N_2$ was used to protect product in most flexible packages.