• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.1182-1193
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• 2021

The aims of this study were to develop a milk protein-based probiotic delivery system using a modified rennet-induced gelation method and to determine how the skim milk powder concentration level and pH, which can affect the rennet-induced intra- and inter-molecular association of milk proteins, affect the physicochemical properties of the probiotic delivery systems, such as the particle size, size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, and viability of probiotics in simulated gastrointestinal tract. To prepare a milk protein-based delivery system, skim milk powder was used as a source of milk proteins with various concentration levels from 3 to 10% (w/w) and rennet was added to skim milk solutions followed by adjustment of pH from 5.4 or 6.2. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was used as a probiotic culture. In confocal laser scanning microscopic images, globular particles with a size ranging from 10 ㎛ to 20 ㎛ were observed, indicating that milk protein-based probiotic delivery systems were successfully created. When the skim milk powder concentration was increased from 3 to 10% (w/w), the size of the delivery system was significantly (p < 0.05) increased from 27.5 to 44.4 ㎛, while a significant (p < 0.05) increase in size from 26.3 to 34.5 ㎛ was observed as the pH was increased from 5.4 to 6.4. An increase in skim milk powder concentration level and a decrease in pH led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the encapsulation efficiency of probiotics. The viability of probiotics in a simulated stomach condition was increased when probiotics were encapsulated in milk protein-based delivery systems. An increase in the skim milk powder concentration and a decrease in pH resulted in an increase in the viability of probiotics in simulated stomach conditions. It was concluded that the protein content by modulating skim milk powder concentration level and pH were the key manufacturing variables affecting the physicochemical properties of milk protein-based probiotic delivery systems.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.690-696
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• 2011

In this study, nano-sized tin oxide powder with an average particle size of below 50 nm is prepared by the spray pyrolysis process. The influence of air pressure on the properties of the generated powder is examined. Along with the rise of air pressure from $0.1kg/cm^2$ to $3kg/cm^2$, the average size of the droplet-shaped particles decreases, while the particle size distribution becomes more regular. When the air pressure increases from $0.1kg/cm^2$ to $1kg/cm^2$, the average size of the dropletshaped particles, which is around 30-50 nm, shows hardly any change. When the air pressure increases up to $3kg/cm^2$, the average size of the droplet-shaped particles decreases to 30 nm. For the independent generated particles, when the air pressure is at $0.1kg/cm^2$, the average particle size is approximately 100 nm; when the air pressure increases up to $0.5kg/m^2$, the average particle size becomes more than 100 nm, and the surface structure becomes more compact; when the air pressure increases up to $1kg/cm^2$, the surface structure is almost the same as in the case of $0.5kg/cm^2$, and the average particle size is around 80- 100 nm; when the air pressure increases up to $3kg/cm^2$, the surface structure becomes incompact compared to the cases of other air pressures, and the average particle size is around 80-100 nm. Along with the rise of air pressure from $0.1kg/cm^2$ to $0.5kg/cm^2$, the XRD peak intensity slightly decreases, and the specific surface area increases. When the air pressure increases up to $1kg/cm^2$ and $3kg/cm^2$, the XRD peak intensity increases, while the specific surface area also increases.

• 광물과 암석
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.345-353
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• 2023

본 연구는 상업용 영동 일라이트 분말 제품의 판매 규격, 즉 메쉬(mesh)에 따른 구성광물, 입도, 화학조성의 차이를 조사하여, 일라이트 분말 제품의 특성을 이해하고 다양한 활용 분야를 개척하기 위한 광물학적 데이터베이스로 활용하고자 하였다. 충청북도 영동군의 광산을 보유한 두 곳의 회사에서 제공받은 상업용 일라이트 분말 시료를 X-선 회절 분석, 레이저 회절 입도 분석, 주사전자현미경 분석, X-선 형광 분석을 이용해 조사하였다. X-선 회절 분석 결과, 두 광산의 일라이트 분말 제품에는 주로 일라이트 및 백운모, 석영, 사장석이 존재하며, 이는 각 광산의 광석의 구성광물과 일치하는 경향을 보인다. 레이저 회절 입도 분석에서는 제품 규격에 따라 입자 크기의 차이가 나타났으며, 입도의 균일성은 메쉬가 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 주사전자현미경 분석에서는 입자의 형태와 크기가 규격에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 일라이트 입자의 크기는 제품의 규격 메쉬에 따른 차이가 크게 없으며, 주로 장석 및 석영의 입자 크기에 변화가 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 시료의 화학 조성은 광산마다 다소의 차이가 있으나, 규격별로 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 결과를 토대로, 상업용 일라이트 분말의 활용 분야를 고려할 때 규격에 따른 특성 변화를 고려하여 선택하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구 결과는 상업용 일라이트 분말의 다양한 응용 가능성을 제시하며, 산업적 활용 및 새로운 기술 개발에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 2006년도 Extended Abstracts of 2006 POWDER METALLURGY World Congress Part 1
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• pp.557-558
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• 2006

In all conventional sintered PM products, the pores present are of two types, primary and secondary. Primary pores forming during compaction and latter during sintering, due to penetration of formed liquid through the matrix grain boundary. Effect of carbon addition on diffusion of Cu in SH737-2Cu system was investigated. After compaction and transient liquid phase sintering at $1120^{\circ}C$ and $1180^{\circ}C$, samples were characterized for densification, showing rise in sintering density and reduction in swelling on carbon addition. Quantitative microstructural characterization (shape factor and pore size) revealed bimodal distribution for 0% carbon, more rounded pores for 0.9% carbon and higher sintering temperature, and pore coarsening at higher sintering temperature.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.121-128
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• 1996

Floating zone법으로 $LiNbO_3$ 단결정올 육성하는데 있어서 원료분말 합성과 원료봉 소결 과정의 최척의 조건을 설험적으로 조사하였다. 원료분말 합성사 낮은 고상반응 온도(700, $800^{\circ}C$)에서는 미량의 $Li_2CO_3$와 $Nb_2O_5$가 미반응상태로 남아있고, 고상반응 온도가 높을 때 ($1000^{\circ}C$)에는 입자성장이 일어나 후속공정인 원료봉 소결에 악영향을 미침이 확인되었다. $950^{\circ}C$에서 12시간 고상반응시킨 원료분말이 $LiNbO_3$의 결정상을 가지면서 미세한 결정립 크기와 균일한 크기분포를 보여 $950^{\circ}C$, 12시간이 최적의 원료분말 합성조건이었다. 원료봉 소결시 소 결온도가 높아질수록, 또 소결시간이 늘어날수록 치밀도가 증가하고 업자성장 양상이 급격히 증가함을 알 수 었었다. $1100^{\circ}C$에서 2시간 동안 소결한 원료봉이 치밀하고, 작은 결정립 크기 와 균얼한 크기분포를 나타내어 floating zone법에 의한 $LiNbO_3$ 단결정성장에 가장 적합한 최적 의 소결 조건은 $1100^{\circ}C$, 2시간엄이 확인되었다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.608-617
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• 1999

The powder mixture which has a bimodal size distribution, with a large mode corresponding to AUC-UO$_2$ powder and a small one corresponding to ADU-UO$_2$ powder, was prepared, pressed into compacts, and sintered at 1680t for 4 hours in hydrogen gas. The compact density of the powder mixture increases with increasing ADU-UO$_2$content within a content of 20 wt %, since small ADU-UO$_2$ particles can fill interstices between large AUC-UO$_2$particles. The UO$_2$ pellet made using the powder mixture has a lower open porosity than that made using AUC-UO$_2$ powder alone. The mechanism for the formation of a flake-like pore is proposed, and the decrease in open porosity may be ascribed to the decrease in the number of flake-like pores.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.338-344
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• 2013

Fe-TiC composite was fabricated from Fe and TiC powders by high-energy milling and subsequent spark-plasma sintering. The microstructure, particle size and phase of Fe-TiC composite powders were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction to evaluate the effect of milling conditions on the size and distribution of TiC particles in Fe matrix. TiC particle size decreased with milling time. The average TiC particle size of 38 nm was obtained after 60 minutes of milling at 1000 rpm. Prepared Fe-TiC powder mixture was densified by spark-plasma sintering. Sintered Fe-TiC compacts showed a relative density of 91.7~96.2%. The average TiC particle size of 150 nm was observed from the FE-SEM image. The microstructure, densification behavior, Vickers hardness, and fracture toughness of Fe-TiC sintered compact were investigated.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.1159-1168
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• 1994

We powders were synthesized from W powders in differnet particle sizes by Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis process (SHS) using a chemical furnace. The effects of the mole ratio of chemical fuel content, pellet thickness and the mole ratio between carbon and tungsten (C/W Ratio) on synthesis were investigated with the tungsten powders have different particle size each other. Compositional and structural characterization of these powders was carried out by scanning electron microscope (SEM0 and x-ray diffractometer. Powder characterization was carried out by the measurement of particle size distribution with laser-particle size analyzer. The amounts of WC obtained by SHS process depend very much on the particle size of tungsten powder and heat contents given in a product, i.e. as the particle size of W powder is smaller, the amounts of WC produced increase. Also the more heat contents is given, the more amounts of WC increase. By optimizing the synthesis conditions, it is possible to fabricate WC powders which have little secondary phases (W2C, C).

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.662-669
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• 2016

In order to identify changes in the nature of the particles due to changes in the inflow rate of the raw material solution, the present study was intended to prepare nano-sized cobalt oxide ($Co_3O_4$) powder with an average particle size of 50 nm or less by spray pyrolysis reaction using raw cobalt chloride solution. As the inflow rate of the raw material solution increased, droplets formed by the pyrolysis reaction showed more divided form and the particle size distribution was more uneven. As the inflow rate of the solution increased from 2 to 10 ml/min, the average particle size of the formed particles increased from about 25 nm to 40 nm, while the average particle size did not show significant changes when the inflow rate increased from 10 to 50 ml/min. XRD analysis showed that the intensity of the XRD peaks increased remarkably when the inflow rate of the solution increased from 2 to 10 ml/min. On the other hand, the peak intensity stayed almost constant when the inflow rate increased from 10 to 50 ml/min. With the increase in the inflow rate from 2 to 10 ml/min, the specific surface area of the particles decreased by approximately 20 %. On the contrary, the specific surface area stayed constant when the inflow rate increased from 10 to 50 ml/min.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2013

${\beta}$-SiC powders were synthesized by a carbothermal reduction process using $SiO_2$-C precursors fabricated by a sol-gel process using phenol resin and TEOS as starting materials for carbon and Si sources, respectively. The C/Si molar ratio was selected as an important parameter for synthesizing SiC powders using a sol-gel process, and the effects of the C/Si molar ratio (1.4-3.0) on the particle size, particle size distribution, and yield of the synthesized ${\beta}$-SiC powders were investigated. It was found that (1) the particle size of the synthesized ${\beta}$-SiC powders decreased with an increase in the C/Si molar ratio in the $SiO_2$-C hybrid precursors, (2) the particle size distribution widened with an increase in the C/Si molar ratio, and (3) the yield of the ${\beta}$-SiC powder production increased with an increase in the C/Si molar ratio.