• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.13-29
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• 2018

Currently, rural labor markets are undergoing a structural change in which the proportion of non-agricultural industries is increasing, instead of decreasing the proportion of agriculture. The purpose of this study is to propose policy for job creation in rural areas through analyzing the employment situation in Rural Korea in the context of this structural change. Using the Census of Agriculture, Farm Household Economy Survey, we analyzed the increase of low income farmers and self-employed farmers. We analyzed the changes of non-farm employment in rural areas using the Census on Establishment. The main results of the study are as follows. First, farms' pathways are very diverse by the levels of income from their own farming and other gainful activities. It is necessary to implement policies that take into account the development pathways of farm household. Second, most of the farms are in low-income and self-employment status. In order to increase their incomes, it is necessary to increase non-farm income earning policy. The rural non-farm economy is becoming increasingly important in rural Korea. The growth of the non-farm economy will be crucially important when it comes to creating new jobs in rural areas in rural Korea. Third, it is necessary to provide systematic support for rural entrepreneurship as a core policy for expanding jobs beyond agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship has the potential to drive innovations that can reduce poverty and create employment. Fourth, there is a need for measures to increase jobs in the welfare field, which is growing fastest in recent years. In the welfare field, we can find vigorous collective actions in some rural communities such as community business, cooperative movement and various community development activities. Those activities will help increase the employment of aged farmers and low-income farm household.

• The Journal of Bigdata
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.71-84
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• 2021

Since small and medium-sized enterprises fell short of the securement of technological competitiveness in the field of big data and artificial intelligence (AI) field-core technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, it is important to strengthen the competitiveness of the overall industry through technology commercialization. In this study, we aimed to propose a priority related to technology transfer and commercialization for practical use of public research results. We utilized public research performance information, improving missing values of 6T classification by deep learning model with an ensemble method. Then, we conducted topic modeling to derive the converging fields of big data and AI. We classified the technology fields into four different segments in the technology portfolio based on technology activity and technology efficiency, estimating the potential of technology commercialization for those fields. We proposed a priority of technology commercialization for 10 detailed technology fields that require long-term investment. Through systematic analysis, active utilization of technology, and efficient technology transfer and commercialization can be promoted.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.6B
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• pp.641-649
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• 2006

The behavior of a three-dimensional pure rectangular water jet with aspect ratio of 10 was experimentally investigated based on the results of the mean velocity field obtained by PIV. The saddle back distribution was observed in the lateral distribution along the major axis. The theoretical centerline velocity equation derived from the point source concept using the spreading rate for the axisymmetric jet was in good agreement with the measured centerline velocity and gave the division of the potential core region, two-dimensional region, and axisymmetric region. The range of the two-dimensional region divided by the criterion of the theoretical centerline velocity decay for the aspect ratio of 10 was observed to be smaller than that of the transition region. The applicability of the two-dimensional model to the behavior of the rectangular jet with low aspect ratio or the wastewater discharged from a multiport diffuser in the deep water of real ocean may result in significant error in the transition and axisymmetric regions after the two-dimensional region. In the two-dimensional region, the Gaussian constant tended to be conserved, and the spreading rate slightly decreased at the end of the two-dimensional region. The normalized turbulent intensity along the centerline of the jet initially abruptly increased and showed relatively higher intensity for higher Reynolds number.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.303-311
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• 2019

is a film festival in conjunction with that shows about 50 works from 25 countries. It has become the only martial arts action film festival going on in Korea, with 32 feature films and 24 short films for a total of six days during the event from August 30 to September 6. has the slogan 'Muye, change the history of movies!' Through the movie, it sheds light on the value of life pursued by the martial arts spirit around Samjae, the core value of martial arts, and explores the aesthetic value of the most beautiful gesture that humans can make through the movement of martial arts centered on the space of dots, good and cotton. And through this film festival, I saw the potential to grow into a festival with the world. With this film festival, the identity of is established as a sustainable film festival, not as a single film festival, and image of martial arts action movies, which are part of genre movies, through the certainty of this image, differentiates itself from domestic and international film festivals, and does not stay in Northeast Asia or in Southeast Asia. Then, let's study the value of the future through the results of this film festival. In addition, we will study ways to increase the probability of growth as the best cultural and arts festival held along with the world's only international martial arts competition.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.14 no.1_spc
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• pp.63-109
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• 2008

This article examines psychological factors that contribute to educational achievement of Korean adolescents. By reviewing empirical research, three core areas are outlined. First, positive and negative roles that Korean society play on academic achievement are analyzed. Compared to other countries, Korean society places a high premium, pressure an investment on educational achievement. This has contributed to the rapid economic growth and development, but at the same time it has created numerous social problems. Second, psychological and relational dynamics of investing in and achieving success in education are delineated. Through indigenous psychological analysis, the role parents play in motivating and regulating their children to succeed academically is reviewed. In addition, the role of teachers and friends and the coordinated efforts of Korean society are outlined. Third, future directions and transformations in education that are needed in Korean society are discussed. Although Korean adolescents are high achievers in high school, this is not the case at the university level. Since Korean students are interested in entering a prestigious university, they have developed skills in doing well in standardized tests. Educational reforms need to take into consideration individuals' personal interests, skills and creativity to ensure that the knowledge that they acquired can be used to further their career and improve their subjective well-being. Educational transformation does not imply simply adopting Western models, but developing indigenous models that can maximize human and cultural potential and stimulate curiosity, diversity and creativity that are necessary in the global era.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.537-546
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• 2023

For the purpose of fire delineation within buildings, steel walls in Korea are mandated to undergo rigorous certification as fire-resistant entities, substantiated via a series of qualitative assessments. Predominantly, these evaluations comprise the fire resistance test paired with supplementary examinations; specifically for steel walls, these encompass the gas hazard and panel bending strength tests. Given the prevalence of semi-noncombustible core materials, gas hazard tests are largely rendered superfluous, pivoting the focus solely onto the panel bending strength test during the certification trajectory. This particular test is designed to gauge the flexural robustness of individual wall panels. An enhanced bending strength is postulated to fortify both the structural integrity and thermal insulation of the wall by mitigating potential deformations. In this scholarly exploration, an analytical deep dive was undertaken into extant, valid certification test datasets. The endeavor aimed to ascertain the depth of correlation between the designated fire resistance metric and the bending strength, the latter being the sole supplementary assessment for steel walls. In distilling the findings, it was discerned that temperature elevations beyond baseline values exhibited no statistically salient linkage with the panel's bending strength.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.903-911
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• 2023

Objective: Regrowth after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of symptomatic large thyroid nodules, initially treated as benign, sometimes turns out to be malignancies. This study aimed to assess the ultrasound (US) characteristics of thyroid nodules initially treated as benign with RFA and later diagnosed as cancers, predictive factors for cancers masquerading as benign, and methods to avoid RFA in these cancers. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 134 consecutive patients with 148 nodules who underwent RFA between February 2008 and November 2016 for the debulking of symptomatic thyroid nodules diagnosed as benign using US-guided biopsy. We investigated the pre-RFA characteristics of the thyroid nodules, changes at follow-up after RFA, and the final surgical pathology. Results: Nodule regrowth after RFA was observed in 36 (24.3%) of the 148 benign nodules. Twenty-two of the 36 nodules were surgically removed, and malignancies were confirmed in seven (19.4% of 36). Of the 22 nodules removed surgically, pre-RFA median volume (range) was significantly larger for malignant nodules than for benign nodules: 22.4 (13.9-84.5) vs. 13.4 (7.3-16.8) mL (P = 0.04). There was no significant difference in the regrowth interval between benign and malignant nodules (P = 0.49). The median volume reduction rate (range) at 12 months was significantly lower for malignant nodules than for benign nodules (51.4% [0-57.8] vs. 83.8% [47.9-89.6]) (P = 0.01). The pre-RFA benignity of all seven malignant nodules was confirmed using two US-guided fine-needle aspirations (FNAs), except for one nodule, which was confirmed using US-guided core-needle biopsy (CNB). Regrown malignant nodules were diagnosed as suspicious follicular neoplasms by CNB. Histological examination of the malignant nodules revealed follicular thyroid carcinomas, except for one follicular variant, a papillary thyroid carcinoma. Conclusion: Symptomatic large benign thyroid nodules showing regrowth or suboptimal reduction after RFA may have malignant potential. The confirmation of these nodules is better with CNB than with FNA.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.129-140
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• 2024

This research explores the potential of purchased rental housing as a versatile solution for residential development. By focusing on smaller-scale construction compared to large residential complexes, purchased rental housing projects offer benefits such as shorter project durations and enhanced flexibility to accommodate residents' needs. This public-private collaboration extends to community planning, enabling tailored models beyond traditional rental housing frameworks. Currently, purchased rental housing, which is predominantly comprised of multi-unit house, multi-household house, and rowhouses, is in high demand and in short supply in metropolitan areas. Utilizing volumetric modular housing, considerations for module size and transportability are paramount, while advancements in construction methods, particularly prefabrication, offer efficiency and quality benefits. This study proposed three construction techniques to plan modular housing models and enhance construction and demolition efficiency: planning without columns in the middle of the unit, core production using volumetric modular construction methods, and industrialization of construction components alongside dry construction methods. Utilizing these methods, a new construction model for purchase lease housing was presented to address the need for new housing in the context of ageing housing renovation and demand fluctuations. The model comprises 16 units, with sizes ranging from 36 m² to 54 m², and can be applied on sites larger than 600 m² with access to roads wider than 6 m. This promotes cluster-style development, which in turn increases construction efficiency in nearby plots.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2024

There are many expectations and concerns regarding the introduction of the high school credit system as an educational innovation. To address concerns about the management of science courses in the high school credit system, we analyzed the characteristics of Alabama's science curriculum to identify potential implications. By analyzing Alabama's science curriculum, curriculum guide, and high school curriculum catalog of Madison City Schools, we found that, first, the system offers a variety of science subjects and operates on a non-graded basis. Second, the curriculum provides essential college and career preparation for all students in grades 9~12. Third, it consistently covers the same academic core ideas across grade levels in a logical progression. Fourth, it emphasizes interdisciplinary connections to enhance science and engineering literacy. The implications of these findings for managing science courses in Korea's high school credit system are, first, that Korea's system lacks course diversity compared to the U.S., making it is necessary to offer a wider variety of courses. Second, students should be guided to choose science subjects aligned with their career paths. Third, a hierarchy of science subjects should be established to reduce the burden between courses. Fourth, consideration should be given to interdisciplinary connections with other subjects to foster students' scientific literacy. Based on these suggestions, it is necessary to explore the appropriate provision of science courses in the Korean high school credit system.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.27-28
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• 2014

Beauveria bassiana (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) is an anamorphic fungus having a potential to be used as a biological control agent because it parasitizes a wide range of arthropod hosts including termites, aphids, beetles and many other insects. A number of bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs) have been isolated from B. bassiana and functionally verified. Among them, beauvericin and bassianolide are cyclic depsipeptides with antibiotic and insecticidal effects belonging to the enniatin family. Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) play a crucial role in the synthesis of these secondary metabolites. NRPSs are modularly organized multienzyme complexes in which each module is responsible for the elongation of proteinogenic and non-protein amino acids, as well as carboxyl and hydroxyacids. A minimum of three domains are necessary for one NRPS elongation module: an adenylation (A) domain for substrate recognition and activation; a tholation (T) domain that tethers the growing peptide chain and the incoming aminoacyl unit; and a condensation (C) domain to catalyze peptide bond formation. Some of the optional domains include epimerization (E), heterocyclization (Cy) and oxidation (Ox) domains, which may modify the enzyme-bound precursors or intermediates. In the present study, we analyzed genomes of B. bassiana and its allied species in Hypocreales to verify the distribution of NRPS-encoding genes involving biosynthesis of beauvericin and bassianolide, and to unveil the evolutionary processes of the gene clusters. Initially, we retrieved completely or partially assembled genomic sequences of fungal species belonging to Hypocreales from public databases. SM biosynthesizing genes were predicted from the selected genomes using antiSMASH program. Adenylation (A) domains were extracted from the predicted NRPS, NRPS-like and NRPS-PKS hybrid genes, and used them to construct a phylogenetic tree. Based on the preliminary results of SM biosynthetic gene prediction in B. bassiana, we analyzed the conserved gene orders of beauvericin and bassianolide biosynthetic gene clusters among the hypocrealean fungi. Reciprocal best blast hit (RBH) approach was performed to identify the regions orthologous to the biosynthetic gene cluster in the selected fungal genomes. A clear recombination pattern was recognized in the inferred A-domain tree in which A-domains in the 1st and 2nd modules of beauvericin and bassianolide synthetases were grouped in CYCLO and EAS clades, respectively, suggesting that two modules of each synthetase have evolved independently. In addition, inferred topologies were congruent with the species phylogeny of Cordycipitaceae, indicating that the gene fusion event have occurred before the species divergence. Beauvericin and bassianolide synthetases turned out to possess identical domain organization as C-A-T-C-A-NM-T-T-C. We also predicted precursors of beauvericin and bassianolide synthetases based on the extracted signature residues in A-domain core motifs. The result showed that the A-domains in the 1st module of both synthetases select D-2-hydroxyisovalerate (D-Hiv), while A-domains in the 2nd modules specifically activate L-phenylalanine (Phe) in beauvericin synthetase and leucine (Leu) in bassianolide synthetase. antiSMASH ver. 2.0 predicted 15 genes in the beauvericin biosynthetic gene cluster of the B. bassiana genome dispersed across a total length of approximately 50kb. The beauvericin biosynthetic gene cluster contains beauvericin synthetase as well as kivr gene encoding NADPH-dependent ketoisovalerate reductase which is necessary to convert 2-ketoisovalarate to D-Hiv and a gene encoding a putative Gal4-like transcriptional regulator. Our syntenic comparison showed that species in Cordycipitaceae have almost conserved beauvericin biosynthetic gene cluster although the gene order and direction were sometimes variable. It is intriguing that there is no region orthologous to beauvericin synthetase gene in Cordyceps militaris genome. It is likely that beauvericin synthetase was present in common ancestor of Cordycipitaceae but selective gene loss has occurred in several species including C. militaris. Putative bassianolide biosynthetic gene cluster consisted of 16 genes including bassianolide synthetase, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, and putative Gal4-like transcriptional regulator genes. Our synteny analysis found that only B. bassiana possessed a bassianolide synthetase gene among the studied fungi. This result is consistent with the groupings in A-domain tree in which bassianolide synthetase gene found in B. bassiana was not grouped with NRPS genes predicted in other species. We hypothesized that bassianolide biosynthesizing cluster genes in B. bassiana are possibly acquired by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from distantly related fungi. The present study showed that B. bassiana is the only species capable of producing both beauvericin and bassianolide. This property led to B. bassiana infect multiple hosts and to be a potential biological control agent against agricultural pests.