• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.60-66
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• 2003

Mycelial growth of L. edodes by supplement nutrition of softwood was studied on a sawdust medium. The sawdust used was from the following softwood species : Larix leptolepis, Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis. The added nutritions consisted of carbon nutritions(sucrose, active carbon, xylose, glucose, paper pellet), nitrogen nutritions(potassium nitrate, ammonium chloride, asparagine, glutamic acid) and vegetable oil(rice bran oil). The sawdust medium was a mixture of 76% sawdust, 20% rice bran, 3% carbon nutrition, 0.4% nitrogen nutrition and 0.6% calcium carbonate. Following addition of carbon and nitrogen nutritions on the sawdust medium proved most suitable : L. leptolepis (glucose, glutamic acid), P. densiflora (active carbon, asparagine) and P. koraiensis (xylose, glutamic acid). The highest mycelial growth was obtained from sawdust medium of optimum condition with 97% of L. leptolepis, 110% of P. densiflora and 98% of P. koraiensis. This study has provided useful preliminary information for the cultivation of L. edodes.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.337-342
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• 2022

Calf diarrhea is a major health concern in the livestock industry that requires accurate analysis for appropriate treatment. Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance are the most significant consequences of diarrhea in calves. Until now, the reference values of blood analysis of Hanwoo neonatal calves have not been well known. Recently, portable blood analyzers have made it possible to immediately analyze blood in the farm and provide suitable treatment for the patients. We analyzed electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and glucose in the blood of 179 Hanwoo neonatal calves, including 79 with diarrhea. These 179 calves were divided into 3 groups based on their age. Values of sodium (Na⁺ ) and glucose were significantly lower in diarrheic calves (1~30 days), while potassium (K⁺ ) and chloride (Cl^- ) values were higher in diarrheic calves (1~30 days). BUN values, which are closely related to dehydration due to diarrhea, increased in diarrheic calves of all ages. Therefore, these data can be used as reference values for blood analysis and treatment of healthy or diarrheic Hanwoo neonatal calves within 30 days of age.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.37-48
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• 2015

Soil nutrient management is important to maintain the constant productivity of seedling production in the nursery for successful forest restoration. This study investigated the effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizer application levels on the growth, soil properties, and nutrient concentrations of yellow poplar seedlings. One-year-old yellow poplar seedlings were treated with the combination of 3 level organic manures(0, 5 Mg/ha, 10 Mg/ha; mixture of poultry manure, cattle manure, swine manure, and sawdust) and 3 level nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium(NPK) chemical fertilizers(0, 1x(urea, $30g/m^2$; fused superphosphate, $70g/m^2$; potassium chloride, $15g/m^2$), 2x). Organic manure significantly increased the soil pH and the concentrations of nitrogen, available phosphorous, exchangeable potassium, calcium, and magnesium. In contrast, the NPK chemical fertilizer decreased the soil pH and exchangeable calcium concentration, did not affect the soil concentrations of nitrogen and magnesium, and increased the concentrations of available phosphorous and exchangeable potassium. Both organic manure and NPK chemical fertilizer treatments increased the seedling height, root collar diameter, and dry weight by 39% and 25%, respectively. The treatment with manure 5 Mg/ha and NPK 2x chemical fertilizer mostly increased seedling dry weight by 2.6 times more than that of the control. Compared to the effects of the fertilization treatments on the soil properties, the effects on nutrient concentrations in the leaves were relatively small. These findings indicate that organic manure that was derived from livestock byproducts and sawdust can be utilized with chemical fertilizer to improve seedling production as well as conserving soil quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.911-921
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• 1997

Recently the interest in natural dyeing has been increased because of the color clarity, natural grace and reactionism in fashion. Indigo dyeing, safflower dyeing and Gal-ott in Cheju-Do become generally known, so the study about the natural dyeing is continued with national intrust and support. In this study, 1 used artemisia for various dyeing tests because we can get it easily. 1 tested the dyeability in wool as well as cotton and silk with wormwood in natural dyeing material. I also dyed nylon with the same material for the comparison of the molecular structure. The mercerization and the chitosan treatment were done in cotton to improve the low dyeability in the natural dyeing. The result of this study are as follows; We have to dye repeatedly to get deep color in natural dyeing, and mordant treatment brought good result in color difference and dyeing fastness. 1. Compared with silk, wool and nylon, the dyeability of cotton was the worse. The color difference of cotton was 18.81 without mordants , and 24.05 with mordant. The dyeability of cotton was much increased by mordants such as potassiumdichromate, copper sulfate, iron sulfate and salt water. The color of cotton was turned into yellow-green in potassium dichromate and yellow-green with deep green in copper sulfate. The mercerization and the chitosan treatment of cotton made the improvement in color, dyeability, laundering fastness, abrasion fastness. 2. The color difference of silk was 3 times as high as cotton. It showed the similar degree with the chitosan treated-cotton. That is to say, silk had good dyeability because it contains amino group and carboxyl group. The dyebility of silk was increased by a mordant such as iron sulfate, potassium dichromate and salt water, Drycleaning fastness showed 5 grade, abrasion-fastness was high over 4~5 grade and sunlight fastness showed 1 grade in all case. 3. The color difference of wool was the best among four fabrics because of 18 kinds of amino acids. It is considered that the sulfate of wool has the polarity and help metal- mordants get the better dyeability such as potassium dichromate, iron sulfate, copper sulfate, and aluminum chloride. The color was reddish-green in potassium dichromate, yellow.greenin iron sulfate and copper sulfate, and yellow in the rest mordants. Drycleaning fastness of wool showed over 4~5 grade, abrasion fastness 5 grade. Sunlight-fastness 1 grade. 4. The dyeability of nylon was almost same because of the similar molecular structure with silk. The clarity of color was poor. The color was yellow-green in copper sulfate and yellow in the rest mordants. Laundering fastness and abrasion-fastness of nylon was good. Sunlight- fastness represented 1 grade.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 1979

One species of Rhodophyceae namely Eucheuma cottonii from the coast of Philippine was analyzed with respect to the content of carrageenan and such chemical characteristics as the content of sulphate and 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose and its solubility in potassium chloride solution. In addition, the same chemical properties were tested in the fractions separated by the different concentrations of potassium chloride. In comparison of the results of carrageenan in Eucheuma cottonii samples from Philippine and Chondrus ocellatus samples from Korea, carrageenan content in Eucheuma cottonii was higher than that of Chondrus ocellatus. Both samples showed more than forty-five percent carrageenan content. The Eucheuma cottonii carrageenan showed a higher 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose than the Chondrus ocellatus carrageenan. The sulphate content was higher in Chondrus ocellatus than Eucheuma cottonii. In fractionation of carrageenan by the solubility methods using potassium chloride solution, the yield of Eucheuma cottonii was highest in fraction I, fraction III was next and fraction II was the lowest.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.355-365
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) and cooling with misters and fans on renal function in relation to regulation of body fluids in different stages of lactation in crossbred Holstein cattle. Ten, 87.5% crossbred Holstein cattle were divided into two groups of 5 animals each, housing in a normal shaded barn (NS) and in a shaded barn with a mister-fans cooling system (MF). The experiment in each group was divided into 3 phases, early- (Day 75 postpartum), mid- (Day 135 postpartum), and late stage of lactation (Day 195 postpartum). The pre-treatment study was conducted on the starting day of each stage of lactation and the treatment study was performed after the end of the pre-treatment, during which the animal was injected with 500 mg of rbST (POSILAC) every 14 days for three times. During the study, ambient temperature at the hottest period daily in the MF barn was significantly lower, while relative humidity was higher than that of the NS barn. The temperature humidity index (THI) in both barns ranged from 79-85 throughout the periods of study. Cows in the MF barn showed a lower rectal temperature and respiration rate as compared with cows in the NS barn. The effect of rbST administration increased both rectal temperature and respiration rates of cows housed in either the NS or MF barn. Milk yield significantly increased in cows treated with rbST in all stages of lactation. Increases in mammary blood flow, accompanied by increases of total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid (ECF), blood volume (BV) and plasma volume (PV), were observed in both groups of cows receiving rbST in all stages of lactation. No alterations of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were observed in cows receiving rbST, but decreases in urinary excretion and fractional excretion of sodium, potassium and chloride ions appeared to correlate with reduction in the rate of urine flow and osmolar clearance during rbST administration. These results suggest that the effect of rbST supplementation to cows housed either in NS or MF barns on body fluid volume expansion is attributable to changes in the rate of electrolyte excretion by the kidney. The increased availability of renal tubular reabsorption of sodium, potassium and chloride ions during rbST treatment was a major factor in retaining body water through its colligative properties in exerting formation of an osmotic force mechanism.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.118-125
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• 1992

Most of cosmetics are emulsion-type products which contain the sources of nutrition, i.e., vegetable oil, mineral oil and carbohyrate etc.. These additives are usually very susceptible to the contamination by microorganisms. The purpose of this study is to obtain the data necessary not only to prevent dermalopathia occurred by microbials but also to maintain the quality. In this experiment we observed the growth of P.aeruginosa in the cosmetics with or without antiseptics so as to prevent contamination. During the contamination period, the phase became unstable and creaming phenomina was happened together with some discoloration and bad smell. The pH of cosmetic was decreased from 7.6 to 6.0 and the concentration was increased from 1.443 to 1.453 in terms of refractive index during 40 days incubation. By adding antiseptics to the cosmetics, the number of P. aeruginosa from the challenge test method were decreased from $10^8$ cell/ml to $5{\times}10^3$ cell/ml. For the antibacterial effect against P. aeruginosa, p-hydroxy benzoic acid propyl ester in phosphoric acid buffer solution showed the best result.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.43-53
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of honey-fried Astragali Radix extract on the nephrotoxicity in rats induced by cyclosporin A(CsA). The experimental rats were divided into three groups of ten. The Normal group was given nothing. The Control group was given only saline water every day for 14 days after the subcutaneous IV injection of 50mg/kg in CsA every other day during a period of 14 days. The sample group was administered 4.8mg/200g of Astragali Radix extract daily for 14 days after the subcutaneous IV injection of 50mg/kg in CsA every other day for 14 days. These groups were observed for 14 days. This experimental research focused on measuring the levels of BUN, creatinine, total protein, sodium, potassium, chloride, AST and ALT in the serum and specific gravity and creatinine in the urine. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Changes in serum The levels of BUN, creatinine. AST and ALT in the serum were significantly decreased in the sample group as compared with those of the control group. Total Protein level in the serum was significantly increased in the sample group as compared with that of the control group. Sodium and Potassium levels in the serum in the sample group were a little lower than those of the control group but no significance was noted. The chloride level in the serum in the sample group significantly increased as compared with that of the control group on the 7th day but in the sample group was significantly decreased as compared with that of the control group on the 14th day 2. Changes in urine Urinary specific gravity in the sample group showed significant increase, compared to the control group on the 7th day but were a little higher than that of the control group on the 14th day. Creatinine level in the urine were a little higher than that of the control group but no significance was found. These results suggest that honey-fried Astragali Radix might be effective on the nephrotoxicity in rats caused by CsA.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.313-318
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• 2003

Environmental stresses, such as heat shock, alcohol and physiological salt have been shown to induce a group of protein called heat shock protein (HSPs) in various tissues. In this investigation, we studied that arsenic stress would alter contraction of isolated rat aorta and expression of heat shock protein 70 and investigated the relation between expression of HSP 70 and vascular contractility of isolated rat aorta. Rat aorta strips, mounted in organ baths were exposed to 0, 0.5, 1,2 and 4 mM arsonic for 60 min. and 1,3 and 8 hours later tested for contractile response and expression of heat shock protein 70. Contractility of rat aorta were determined by isometric transducer connected to computerized physiograph and expression of HSP 70 was characterized by western blotting, respectively. Potassium chloride (55 mM) significantly augmented vascular contractility of yat aorta by 39％ compared with the control at 8 hours but not one or three hours after treatment of 4 mM arsenic. Arsonic stress (4 mM) also increased the expression of HSP 70 in rat aorta at 8 hours but one or three hours compared with the control and HSP expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells and some expressed in endothelium cells. These results suggest that arsenic stress not only did alter the magnitude of the contractile response to high potassium chloride but also increased the expression of HSP 70 in the rat aorta.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 2001

This research is carried out to investigate the formation and preservative effectiveness of inorganic substance, calcium carbonate($CaCO_3$), in wood. The specimens were prepared by the impregnation with saturated solutions of potassium carbonate($K_2CO_3$) into the wood followed by precipitation in saturated solutions of calcium chloride($CaCl_2$) for 24h, 72h and 120h, and then they were leached in instrument flowing with water for 24h. The weight percent gains of $K_2CO_3$ solution impregnated specimens reached approximately a maximum value (108.1%) by 72h precipitation in $CaCl_2$ solutions. Inorganic substances were observed to he produced in the lumina of tracheids of specimens. From these inorganic substances filling in the tracheids, characteristic X-rays of calcium(Ca-$K_{\alpha}$) were detected by energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. Moreover, it was shown from a leaching treatment that these substances could not he leached easily from the specimens. Therefore, they were could he considered to be insoluble calcium carbonates. The weight losses of the prepared specimens were hardly occurred by test fungi attacks. Thus inorganic substances in specimens can be said to have preservative effectiveness.