• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.1 s.176
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• pp.53-61
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• 2006

Geochemical and sedimentological analyses of sediment piston core were used to trace paleoceanographic environmental changes in the East China Sea. The analytical results revealed three lithostratigraphic units (I, II, and III) corresponding to a highstand stage, a transgressive stage, and a lowstand stage, respectively. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) $^{14}C$ dated the boundaries between the units as 7 ka and II ka. That is, Unit I extended from the present to 7 ka, Unit II occupied a transitional episode from 7 to 11 ka, and Unit III was older than 11 ka. The transitional episode was characterized by sudden fluctuations in various geochemical proxies. Most strikingly, there was a gradual upward increase in both carbonate and total organic carbon (TOe) contents post-7 ka, during which time the ${\delta}^{l3}C$ values of organic material increased to a constant value. The gradual upward increase in the TOC and $CaCO_3$ contents in Unit I were accompanied by slight variations in grain size that probably reflect a stable modern oceanographic environment. Within Unit II (7 to 11 ka), the geochemical signals were characterized by abrupt and steep fluctuations, typical of a transgressive stage. Vertical mixing may have provoked an increase in productivity during this interval, with large amounts of terrigenous organic matter and/or freshwater being supplied by neighboring rivers. The geochemical signals remained stable throughout Unit III but exhibited different patterns than signals in Unit I. The high terrigenous organic matter content of Unit III suggests correspondence to a lowstand stage.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.515-522
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• 2017

The natural dyeing industry has been faced with increasing demands of constant needs for environmentally and body friendly clothing products among modern consumers. Natural dyeing has attracted attention as a next-generation technology in green textiles. Dyestuffs need to be diversified for technological development activation in order to meet the increasing demands for natural dyeing. This study extracted dyeing solutions from the leaves of the Rose of Sharon (the national flower of South Korea) and investigated its dyeing properties for the development of various natural dyestuffs. This study investigates the dyeability of silk fabrics with Rose of Sharon leaves extract. Optimal conditions for dyeing of silk fabrics with the extract of Rose of Sharon were $40^{\circ}C/80min$ and $90^{\circ}C/60min$ with 100% concentration. Looking at the results, it showed the best K/S value at pH3, Sn pre-mordanting and Fe post-mordanting. Color fastness to washing, dry cleaning, rubbing and perspiration was good at grade 4-5 or 4. However, light fastness was observed in grade 2. In aspect of functional property, it showed an excellent result of 90% deodorization rate. In addition, its proven functionalities (deodorant properties) will help to produce high value added environment-friendly products. Those findings demonstrate the possibilities of the Rose of Sharon as an environment-friendly dye.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.163-174
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to review the features of eroticism expressed in men's fashion, to explain psychological and social contexts which engender eroticism and to analyze in what way eroticism is portrayed in men s fashion in this context. Eroticism as the metonymy of forbidden sexual desire, has been embodied mostly in visual forms such as picture and photo. From a psychoanalytic view, the context in which eroticism is formed can be explained by primary narcissism and fetishism. Primary narcissism is the feeling of satisfaction with the self in which the subject who is admiring and the object of admiration are one and the same. Accordingly, in order to give rise to eroticism, both subject and object have to exist. Fetishism, the metonymy of castrated penis, is also one of the factors to produce eroticism. Metaphorically seen as a woman who has a penis, a man who dresses in the same manner as a woman dresses can be a source of eroticism to gays. From a sociological view, the context in which eroticism is fostered depends on the dynamic relations among social powers. In these relations, who is a subject or who is an object has been continuously changing. In the Post-modern culture appearing in the late 20th century, power begins to take various forms, and gays and women who had never been subjects begin to make man an object of eroticism. The other point is that social morality, ignoring desire itself, objectifies sexual desire and seeks to remove It by exchanging it for objectified symbols. The design elements provoking eroticism in men s fashion are exposure and decoration. In particular, models in exposure and decorative fashion have been objectified through the methods of fragmentation rather than showing the whole figure or removing a person s individuality or will,.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.171-187
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to grasp the meanings of retro-fashion, to research the design characteristics and background on the birth of repro-fashion. It can help to confirm the importance of aesthetic marketing which is based on human feelings, the roles and cultural and industrial meanings. Reto-fashion Is one of the mediums between the expression of Post-modern fashion and emotional sympath of human beings as consumer and fashion creators. So this inspiration is the way of fashion creativities. The backgrounds of appearance repro-fashion are reflection about materialism and technique and 20th century, the sense of instability and finding new ideas from the past. The characteristics of retro-fashion designs are as follows : First, the styles have been come from 50's. 60's, 70's, and 80\`s. It means that the styles not just expressed to return to the past simply but an expression the emotional state for missing the past. Second, the colors and materials are various also as like styles. Third, the decorations of repro-fashion are more crafts by human. The roles of retro-fashion are for creation of high valued product in fashion design, expression of individuality with disharmonized coordination and application as a fusion style. The cultural and industrial meaning of repro-fashion are endowment of aesthetic marketing using human feeling in fashion marketing area and pursuing of the Renaissance of fashion culture and industry. Therefore it is needed that design critics and analysis going side by culture and industry condition for fashion study with human feelings in 21th century.

• Journal of Korean Society of societal Security
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.61-66
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• 2009

Previous disaster management system in Korea was focusing on post-disaster, recovery phase. However, modern disaster management system should be focusing on the mitigation activities to minimize human and property damages based on the proper prediction and forecast of various natural disasters and timely dissemination of disaster information to the people. Recently, more frequent and larger scaled disasters have been reported around the globe, mainly due to the environment change not only by physical anomalies such as climate change but also by socio-economic transformations such as urbanization and industrialization. This study describes current practices in disaster management for climate change adaptation of advanced countries and a possible disaster management standard system that can be applied in Korea, based on the case studies on the European countries who are improving their disaster management systems against climate change.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.23-40
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to explore the aesthetic characteristics of outerization phenomenon of contemporary fashion. Outerization, transforming underwear as outerwear, is one of the most dominant and widespread fashion trends in the dawning of new millenium. Fashion always exists for living body and tributes to express idealized beauty of human body and aesthetics of the era. If so, exploring the formative expressions and aesthetic characteristics of outerization would be an meaningful guideline to deduce changed relationship between fashion and body of the 21st century. The methodology of this study is to research of fashion collections such as Paris, Milan and New York which were held the first decade of new millenium, from 2000 Spring/Summer to 2009 Spring/Summer. The styles expressing outerization were selected and assorted based on the main formative expression. Then the aesthetic characteristics were classified. The way of expression of outerization is categorized into 4 parts ; Transition, Exposure, Transparency, and Deconstruction. Aesthetic Characters of outerization is classified 4 assortments as well ; Eroticism, Fun with parody and kitch, cyber culture, Gender politics, and Power fetish. Eroticism is the most clearly identified one. Coming out of underwear imply naked body itself, so it has erotic appeal. Fun is the second character. A pleasant sensation from the outerization of undergarments maximizes a disposition of play from parody, kitch, and cyber culture. The third is Gender Politics and it introspects how the society consumes woman body in history and modern times. Power Fetish, the last one, speaks for the female body with changed vision for femininity underneath the sphere of influence of feminism and post modernism, then emphasizes the subjectivity and independence of woman. From the research above, this study will help to understand the overwhelming outerization phenomenon and contribute to expansion of the horizon of the study of fashion aesthetics. It will serve fashion creative source through various outerization cases as well.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.190-198
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• 1983

The management of cardiac arrhythmias by cardiac pacing has increased greatly since the treatment of complete heart block with an external transcutaneous pacemaker in 1952, followed by the use of myocardial wires connected to an external pulse generation, by external transvenous pacing, and then by transvenous pacing with implantable components in thoracic wall.By now, the three bases of modern cardiac pacing for bradyarrhythmias had been established [1] an implantable device [2] the transvenous approach [3] the ability of the pacemaker to sense cardiac activity and modify its own function accordingly. In transvenous implantation of a pacemaker, any one of four vessels at the root of the neck is suitable for passage of the electrode - cephalic vein, external jugular vein, internal jugular vein, costo-axillary branch of the axillary vein. The new technique of direct puncture of the subclavian vein, either percutaneously or after skin incision only has been made, is invaluable & is used routinely. We have experienced one 25 years old patient who had rheumatic mitral stenosis & minimum aortic regurgitation with sinus bradycardia associated with premature atrial tachycardia & another 54 years old female patient who was suffered from sick sinus syndrome with sinus bradycardia & sinus arrest. The 1st patient was taken open mitral commissurotomy & aortic valvuloplasty and then was taken atrlal pace-maker implantation through If subclavian puncture method in post-op 14 days, and the second patient was taken atrial pacemaker implantation through If subclavian puncture method. Their postop course was in uneventful & were discharged, without complication. Their condition have been good to now.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2003

There are increasing usage of Nickel-Titanium rotary files in modern clinical endodontic treatment because it is effective and faster than hand filing due to reduced step. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of canal preparations using 3 different rotary Nickel-Titanium files that has different cross sectional shape and taper on the maintenance of canal curvature. Simulated resin block were instrumented with Profile(Dentsply, USA), GT rotary files(Dentsply, USA), Hero 642(Micro-Mega France), and Pro-Taper(Dentsply, USA). The image of Pre-instrumentation and Post-instrumentation were acquired using digital camera and overspreaded in the computer. Then the total differences of canal diameter, deviation at the outer portion of curvature, deviation at the inner portion of curvature, movement of center of the canal and the centering ratio at the pre-determined level from the apex were measured. Results were statistically analyzed by means of ANOVA, followed by Scheffe test at a significance level of 0.05. The results were as follows； 1. Deviation at the outer portion of curvature, deviation at the inner portion of curvature were showed largest in Pro-Taper so also did in the total differences of canal diameter(p＜0.05). 2. All the groups showed movements of center Profile combined with GT rotary files and Hero 642 has no difference but Pro-Taper showed the most deviation(p＜0.05). 3. At the 1, 2, 3mm level from the apex movements of center directed toward the outer portion of curvature, but in 4, 5 mm level directed toward the inner portion of curvature(p＜0.05). As a results of this study, it could be concluded that combined use of other Nickel-Titanium rotary files is strongly recommended when use Pro-Taper file because it could be remove too much canal structure and also made more deviation of canal curvature than others.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.935-941
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• 2010

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains is one of the most critical problems of modern medicine. Bacteriophages have been suggested as an alternative therapeutic agent for such bacterial infections. In the present study, we examined the therapeutic potential of phage Kpn5 in the treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055-induced burn wound infection in a mouse model. An experimental model of contact burn wound infection was established in mice employing K. pneumoniae B5055 to assess the efficacy of phage Kpn5 in vivo. Survival and stability of phage Kpn5 were evaluated in mice and the maximum phage count in various organs was obtained at 6 h and persisted until 36 h. The Kpn5 phage was found to be effective in the treatment of Klebsiella-induced burn wound infection in mice when phage was administered immediately after bacterial challange. Even when treatment was delayed up to 18 h post infection, when all animals were moribund, approximately 26.66% of the mice could be rescued by a single injection of this phage preparation. The ability of this phage to protect bacteremic mice was demonstrated to be due to the functional capabilities of the phage and not due to a nonspecific immune effect. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) were significantly lower in sera and lungs of phage-treated mice than phage untreated control mice. The results of the present study bring out the potential of bacteriophage therapy as an alternate preventive approach to treat K. pneumoniae B5055-induced burn wound infections. This approach not only helps in the clearance of bacteria from the host but also protects against the ensuing inflammatory damage due to the exaggerated response seen in any infectious process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.57 no.7
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• pp.70-83
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• 2007

Contemporary fashion design has been made a new attempt to extend restricted expressions through fusion with other genres in art. The recognition of fashion has recently been changed not only product but as a piece of work in specific value, concept and meaning created by fashion designer. It is observed that the contemporary fashion design has a notion to persue formative intentions and manners of Conceptual Art in Post-modern era. This study is to define this region of fashion design represented in cultural phenomena as 'Conceptual Fashion', also analyze the formative feature of this from a point of view in Conceptual art. The results which are analyzed according to outward techniques and forms, meanings and elements immanent in aesthetic contemplation of conceptual fashion lead to four distinctive things in such as anti-form, intervention and appropriation, metaphor and detour, process and series. The intrinsic values in conceptual fashion through aesthetic contemplation are indicated the four significant values in the following: the pluralistic interpretation, the parody and amusement, the pursuit of essence and truth and the participation and interaction. Conceptual fashion design is appeared complex not doing separate through classified formative features previously. And It has been evolved as a indeterminate concept which is able to variable elucidation by a non-player, as a instrument for communication on fashion culture which is aggrandized. The purpose of this study is to present of theoretical foundation about Conceptual fashion design and also to make proper understanding about interrelationship between contemporary fashion and art.