• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between the expression of Heat shock protein70 (HSP70), Raf-1 and Bcl-2-associated athanogene-1 (BAG1) protein in diffuse type gastric carcinoma and examine association of HSP70, Raf-1 and BAG1 expression with various clinic-pathological factors and survival. Heat shock protein70 is induced in the cells in response to various stress conditions, including carcinogens. Overexpression of heat shock protein 70 has been observed in many types of cancer. The proto-oncoprotein Raf is pivotal for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and its aberrant activation has been implicated in multiple human cancers. Overexpression of BAG1 protein has been documented in some type of human cancer. BAG1 has been reported to interact with protein involved with a variety of signal pathway, and regulation of cell differentiation, survival and apoptosis. These interaction partners include HSP70 and Raf-1. The percentage of tumors exhibiting HSP70 positivity was significantly in cases of positive lymph node metastasis (64.9%) compared to cases without lymph node metastasis (35.1%, p=0.007). HS70 expression was correlated with pathological N-stage (p=0.006). Expression of BAG1 was detected in the majority of diffuse type gastric carcinoma tissues (71.7%), especially in younger patients (80% vs 52.6%, p=0.035). Furthermore BAG1 expression was correlated with tumor size (p=0.020). Raf-1 expression was found to be significantly associated with tumor size (p=0.005). The result indicate that HSP70 was significantly correlated the progression of diffuse type gastric cancer. Expression of BAG1 and Raf-1 may be used as diagnostic markers for gastric carcinoma.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.172-183
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• 1976

RNA, DNA and other phosphorus fractions were determined in the leaf and root of soybean plants different in phosphorus sensitivity grown in $NH_4-N,\;NO_3-N$ and urea medium. The phosphorus sensitive cultivars contained higher ASIP (acid soluble inorganic phosphorus) than the tolerant cultivars with all nitrogen sources. ASIP was highest in the urea treated plants and lowest in the nitrate treated plants. Total phosphorus content was mostly affected with increase in ASIP. When ASIP increased, acid solsuble organic phosphorus(ASOP), phospholipids (L-P), RNA-P, residual phosphorus (R-P) tended to increase, while DNA-P showed little change. The percent RNA-P or DNA-P of total phosphorus in the nitrate treated plant was twice that in the ammonium treated plant, which were also higher in tolerant cultivars regardless of nitrogen sources. The percent ASOP in total acid soluble phosphorus $(ASOP/ASP{\times}100)$ decreased as phosphorus sensitivity decreased. Indications are that phosphorus sensitivity depends on the relative sizes of phosphorus metabolic pools. Total dry matter yield was negatively correlated with total phosphorus (r=0.84 significant at 0.01P), ASIP (0.84 significant at 0.01P) and residual phosphorus (0.69 significant at 0.05P). ASOP showed positive correlation with L-P, RNA-P and DNA-P but negative with R-P. RNA-P was significanly correlated only with L-P (0.63 at P=0.01). There was significant interaction (0.01) among nitrogen sources, cultivars and phosphorus metabolic pools. Phosphorus sensitivity and ammonium toxicity appear to be same in view of energy metabolism, that is, the former inhibits the conversion of ATP to ADP (energy releasing) through phosphate potential while the latter inhibits ATP formation (energy storing).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.290-303
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• 2006

Tooth eruption is a complex and tightly regulated process that involves cells of the tooth organ and the surrounding alveolus. Osteoclast precursors must be recruited into the dental follicle prior to the onset of eruption. This function of dental follicle may be regarded as the ability of bone remodeling characterized by the interaction of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. This is because tooth eruption is a localized event in which many of the genes required for eruption are expressed in the dental follicle. RANKL is a membrane-bound protein that is a member of the TNF ligand family. which is present on bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts, and induces osteoclast formation and activation from precursor cell. The biologic effect of RANKL is inhibited by OPG and, in bone, the relative ratio of RANKL and OPG modulates osteoclastogenesis. To evaluate the roles of RANKL and OPG in tooth eruption and the relations with the expression pattern of Runx2, in situ hybridization was performed with mandibles of mice at postnatal stage 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11. mRNA of RANKL, OPG, and Runx2 are expressed in dental follicle and surrounding tissue from P1 to 11. To determine the sites of osteoclastic activity during tooth eruption, mandibles were dissected. Peak osteoclastic activity in alveolar bone along the occlusal and basal regions was observed from P5 to 9, with osteoclasts in these regions being large and strongly TRAP-positive The specific spatio-temporal expression patterns of RANKL, OPG, and Runx2 in our study suggest that tooth eruption could be progressed through the interactions of molecular signaling among dental follicle, dental organ and alveolar bone, furthermore it means that dental follicle is quite important in tooth eruption In addition, it indicates that these genes (RANKL, OPG, and Runx2) play critical roles in tooth eruption.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.266-283
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• 2013

The goal of this study is to explore the characteristics of perceptual change among students majoring in arts on the nature of science and apply the results to science education. According to the study, it is important to consider the results of interaction between learners' aptitude and teaching method. Teaching the nature of science to first grade students explicitly, experimental inquiry strategy was applied to fine arts students, and teaching strategy of scientific history to music students. To find out which elements of the nature of science have come into view on modern philosophy of science, pre and post tests on the nature of science (VNOS-C) were conducted on the students. To find out specifically why views on the nature of science have changed, a case study was conducted focusing on students who showed changes in their views on the elements of the nature of science. In conclusion, this study suggests that by using experimental inquiry strategy and strategy of scientific history properly, it is possible to change students' viewpoints on the elements of the nature of science and on modern philosophy of science. Through explicit instruction, we were able to find some positive conceptual changes on the nature of science and the modern philosophy of science in terms of both quantity and quality. This shows that the students studying arts are experiencing a constructivist conceptual change on the nature of science, and that conceptual ecology and learning strategy are involved in this process. Therefore, it is thought that this study offers an important implication in organizing science education on the nature of science.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2020

Breathing is the voice's driving force and also acts as a regulator of larynx function and efficiency. Respiratory distress is a side effect of general anesthesia in thyroid surgery. Therefore, this study's objective was to provide practical and complementary information for voice recovery after thyroid surgery, based on aerodynamic evaluation pre- and post-thyroidectomy. From May 2014 to July 2015, aerodynamic evaluations were performed on 34 female patients diagnosed with thyroid papillary cancer one week before surgery (PRE), one month after surgery (P1), and three months after surgery (P3). The Phonatory Aerodynamic System (model 6600, KayPENTAX, USA) was employed for this purpose, and a total of 29 analysis parameters were selected. The results showed statistically significant differences in peak expiratory airflow (p=0.004), mean pitch (p<0.01), expiration airflow duration (p=0.001), and expiratory volume (p=0.018), based on time factors. In the comparison of time factors, peak expiratory airflow and mean pitch parameters were different in PRE-P1 and PRE-P3. Expiration airflow duration and expiratory volume parameters were different in PRE-P3 and P1-P3. The interaction effect of time and surgical range was significant only for expiratory volume (p=0.024). Female patients who undergo thyroidectomy require post-operative breathing training, and exhalation improvement is considered to reflect a positive lifestyle after surgery.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.163-175
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• 2014

This study is to explain social capital characteristics of Filipino immigrant women at the level of neighborhood. This research targeted Filipino immigrant women in the metropolis, small town and rural area in Korea to find out the relevance of individual property and characteristics of the community and social capital of neighboring communities- school community, cathedral community, etc- through measurement of the participants' recognition. This study reveals that differences exist in the relationship between length of residence and social capital in the school community and the catholic church community. There is a significant positive relationship between length of residence and political factors in the catholic church community, thereby having a better relationship with longer period of stay, while length of residence and confidence show a negative trend in the school community, leading to less confidence. The catholic church community holds a dominant position in homogeneity, cohesion, and the amount of social capital. According to the findings, social capital 'relation' is more closely related to homogeneity of the community, 'norms' to cohesion. 'Relation and norms' and 'confidence and politics' factors are recognized similarly in both communities, thus resulting in the recognition that decision making within the community, the share of value, and observance of social norms approximate a friendly relationship among members, and satisfaction level, emotional support, and confidence among members approach politics that members can talk about their personal matters. It is noted in the research process that the symbolism of the cathedral community as a transnational circuit behavior occurs where collective culture and personal desires of Filipino immigrant women were combined with production of social capital. Filipino immigrant women's awareness of community and social capital appearing in the cathedral community show that not only residence, along with the cultural identity of Filipino immigrant women, but also collective social and cultural characteristics, such as 'family reunion' can not be overlooked. In particular, at this time when discussion and debate on the interculturalism over multiculturalism is heating up, communal spirit and social capital based on the ethnic identity are important in that they can be a crucial path to the cross-cultural interaction with our society, therefore, a study on the social capital of the ethnic community needs to be encouraged and extended to more diverse communities, to the space of the multilayered scale.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.144-157
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• 1992

The study was conducted to compare the interprete methods and examine the feasibility of mixture use of oxyfluorfen and bensulfuron in controlling principal Paddy weeds, annuals and perennials. Application ratio of both chemicals were obtained from the combinations of 5 levels(0, 5, 10, 15, 20 g ai/ha) of each chemicals, respectively. All the treatments were applied at 5 days after transplanting and water was maintained at 3.0cm in depth. Shoot fresh-weight of weeds was assessed at 35 days after treatments. Data obtained was analysed by Colby, Isobole, Calculus, Regression and EQM method, respectively. The results from the analysis of variance on the principal weeds treated with oxyfluorfen and bensulfuron showed significant interactions at 1% level on both Echinochloa crus-galli and Eleocharis Kuroguwai, and total species at 0.5% level on both Potamogeton distinctus and Cyperus serotinus, but non significant on Scirpus juncoides and Sagittaria pygmaea. Thereafter, the results of the models applied to Echinochloa crus-galli, Eleocharis kuroguwai and total species were as follows ; 1. The Colby method gave values nearly identical to regression estimate method (both multiplicative models) as provided by Akobundu et al. The Colby method and Regression method indicated synergistic toward Echinochloa curs-galli, and total species, but antagonistic toward Eleocharis kuroguwai. 2. The Isobole method shows synergism on Echinochloa crus-galli at $ID_{50}$, and total species at $ID_{60}$ on Eleochari kuroguwai. 3. The Calculus method gave positive signs for the first differentiation and negative signs for the second differentiation except for some rates on Echinochloa crus-galli and total species, but reverse on Eleocharis kuroguwai. These result does not agree with the observed values. 4. ${\theta}$ value from the EQM method was greater than one at all combinations. This result was quite different from those of other methods. 5. The various models did not show the same results, but mixture of oxyfluorfen and bensulfuron tend to have synergistic effect. Weeding effect also was high. Treatment in terms of two chemical combination was expected to reduce rates, and to enhence weeding efficacy compared with single treatment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.237-246
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• 2003

This pot experiment was conducted in order to find out the effects of application of combined micronutrients(T$_1$: control. T$_2$; Fe, T$_3$; Fe+Mn, T$_4$； Fe＋Mn＋Cu, T$_{5}$; Fe+Mn+Cu＋Zn, T$_{6}$；Fe+Mn+Cu＋Zn+Mo, T$_{7}$； Fe+Mn+Cu+Zn+Mo+B) on forage performance of pure and mixed cultures of orchardgrass and white clover The 2nd part was concerned with the changes in the forage yields and concurrence index. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The effects of combined micronutrient applications on the forage yields were different according to the forage species, whether it was a pure or mixed cultures, and additional fertilization(especially N). The effects of them on the forage productivity and botanical composition were more obvious in white clover, especially in mixed culture, than in orchardgrass. By the significant role of B as a regulator, the yields of both forages were best in the T$_{7}$, respectively. 2. In the pure culture, the high yields of both forages were obtained by the T$_{7}$ and T$_2$, whereas the T$_{6}$ and T$_3$resulted in the low yields. The best yields of both forages were obtained by the T$_{7}$ with relatively optimum ratios among the micronutrients as follows; Fe/Mn/Cu/Zn, Fe/Mo, Mo/B, and ∑ cation/∑anion. It was observed the multiple interaction of Fe${\times}$Mn${\times}$Mo${\times}$B, and the significant role of B as a regulator. The effects of them on white clover were more distinct at no additional fertilization than at the additional fertilization(especially N). 3. In mixed culture, the optimum applications of them resulted in the positive increase of yield and botanical composition of white clover, whereas orchardgrass tended to be inversely except the T$_{7}$.X> 7/. 7/.

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.29-48
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide the basic information on the improvement plan by identifying the role accomplishment and job satisfaction of the hospice nurses and analyzing the factors that impact such role accomplishment and job satisfaction. Methods: The data was collected of 189 hospice nurses who have been working more than 6 months in 56 hospice programs registered in Korea Hospice Association and Korean Catholic Hospice Association from October to November, 2007 by structured questionnaire which was developed by Ryu(1979), based on the Riehl's nursing role and the research of Choe(2005) on the role of hospice nurse. Results: The role accomplishment and job satisfaction of the study subject were 3.53 point and 3.39 point, respectively. The roles of hospice nurses were accomplished by the order of advocator, nursing care provider, coordinator (cooperation), educator, quality manager, counsellor, administrator, and researcher. The job satisfaction of the hospice nurses was shown highest in the satisfaction of professional status, followed by the satisfaction of the interaction, satisfaction of the task itself, satisfaction of the administrative aspect, satisfaction of the autonomous, and the lowest in the satisfaction of the pay. The role accomplishment of the subjects according to their socio-demographic and job characteristics was found to have a significant difference by their age, marriage status, academic background, and position. It also has a significant difference by whether they play role of coordinator, whether they took whole responsibility as hospice, working experience as hospice/palliative nurse, and the level of hospice/palliative nursing training(p<.05). In the study of job satisfaction of the subjects according to their socio-demographic and job characteristics, the job satisfaction was found to have a significant difference by the increase of age, the number of duties consisting the hospice team, whether they play role of coordinator, whether they take whole responsibility as hospice, the level of hospice/palliative nursing training, and whether they wish to work for as long as possible(p<.05). The role accomplishment and the job satisfaction of the subjects showed a statistically significant positive correlation. (r=.541, p<.01) Conclusion: Raised saiary will be increased hospice nurse's job satisfaction. And we suggest a repetitive study using the identical tool to the equally extracted subjects with same representativeness of each hospice/palliative institute type. For the expanded role and enhanced professional standard of hospice nurses, we also suggest a study on the improvement plan to enhance the roles of researcher and administrator.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.333-340
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• 2015

This study is designed to analyze the effect of skincare using cosmetic containing ginseng extract, on improving quality of life (QOL) of healthy women, with blind testing. QOL is a concept that represents how one's disease or health condition can physically, psychologically, and socially influence his or her daily life. The study was conducted to assess the effect of a ginseng cosmetic preparation on quality of life (QOL) using the Skindex-16 score, stratified by blind versus non-blinded option. 45 healthy women aged between 30 and 49 years with no skin disease were recruited for this study. Volunteers were divided into two groups. Group A (n = 22) received anti-aging cream with ginseng extract in the original packaging, which included the brand name and logo. Group B (n = 23) received the same cream in a plain white jar without any package decoration or logo. Both groups used the cream for 8 weeks. For the skin-related QOL assessment, Skindex-16 was used at baseline, forth, and eighth week. All volunteers except two dropouts in Group A completed the dermatology-specific QOL measure, Skindex-16, at baseline, after 4 weeks, and after 8 weeks of treatment with the provided samples. As a result, the mean score of 43 participants at baseline was $22.70{\pm}4.82$. There was a significant difference between the baseline score and the score after 8 weeks in both groups: The scores changed from $23.30{\pm}5.14$ to $20.20{\pm}4.83$ in Group A, from $22.17{\pm}4.58$ to $20.52{\pm}3.60$ in Group B. The "Symptom" subscale of Skindex-16 improved after 4 weeks and the "Emotion" subscale improved after 8 weeks in Group A. The "Function" subscale did not show improvement in either groups. Both groups showed no interaction effect between follow up time and groups in Skindex-16 and subscale. This research opens up the possibility of skincare using ginseng cream having a positive effect on QOL in healthy women. Moreover, one can predict that skincare ritual itself may have greater impact on the improvement of QOL, compared to the product packaging.