• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.31-70
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• 2021

The purpose of this paper is to measure the clustering change and analyze empirical results, and choose the clustering ports for Busan, Incheon, and Gwangyang ports by using Hierarchical clustering(single, complete, average, and centroid), Silhouette, and 2SCE[the Second Stage(Type II) cross-efficiency] matrix clustering models on Asian container ports over the period 2009-2018. The models have chosen number of cranes, depth, birth length, and total area as inputs and container TEU as output. The main empirical results are as follows. First, ranking order according to the efficiency increasing ratio during the 10 years analysis shows Silhouette(0.4052 up), Hierarchical clustering(0.3097 up), and 2SCE(0.1057 up). Second, according to empirical verification of the Silhouette and 2SCE models, 3 Korean ports should be clustered with ports like Busan Port[ Dubai, Hong Kong, and Tanjung Priok], and Incheon Port and Gwangyang Port are required to cluster with most ports. Third, in terms of the ASEAN, it would be good to cluster like Busan (Singapore), Incheon Port (Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Perak, Manila, Tanjung Pelpas, Leam Chanbang, and Bangkok), and Gwangyang Port(Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Perak, Port Kang, Tanjung Pelpas, Leam Chanbang, and Bangkok). Third, Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test of models shows that all P values are significant at an average level of 0.852. It means that the average efficiency figures and ranking orders of the models are matched each other. The policy implication is that port policy makers and port operation managers should select benchmarking ports by introducing the models used in this study into the clustering of ports, compare and analyze the port development and operation plans of their ports, and introduce and implement the parts which required benchmarking quickly.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.1358-1371
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• 1988

The combustion process is the most important process in the S.I. engine since it determines performance and emissions. As the flame propagates slowly due to EGR or lean mixture, the fast burn system is widely used in the modern engines in order to improve engine performance. As the basic research for the fast burn system of the S.I engine, this study is aimed to identify the effects of the intake port design on the air motion inside a cylinder. In this study various intake ports were designed and tested. Swirl levels for the different intake ports were measured by a swirl meter and LDv.Also transient air motion inside a cylinder is further investigated following the motion of the boston. Out of the various intake ports tested in this study the masked shroud head (MSH) generates the highest swirl while keeping satisfactory volumetric efficiency. The MSH port also produces high level of turbulence by shearing action between cylinder wall and swirl.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.143-175
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper is to show the clustering trend by using the variable group benchmarking(VGB) and categorical variable(CV) models for 38 Asian ports during 9 years(2001-2009) with 4 inputs(birth length, depth, total area, and number of crane) and 1 output(container TEU). The main empirical results of this paper are as follows. First, clustering results by using VGB show that Shanghai, Qingdao, and Ningbo ports took the core role for clustering. Second, CV analysis focusing on the container throughputs indicated that Singapore, Keelong, Dubai, and Kaosiung ports except Chinese ports are appeared as the center ports of clustering. Third, Aqaba, Dubai, Hongkong, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Ningbo ports are recommended as the efficient ports for the target of clustering. Fourth, when the ports are classified by the regional location, Dubai, Khor Fakkan, Shanghai, Hongkong, Keelong, Ningbo, and Singapore ports are the core ports for clustering. On the whole, other ports located in Asia should be clustered to Dubai, Khor Fakkan, Shanghai, Hongkong, Ningbo, and Singapore ports. The policy implication of this paper is that Korean port policy planner should introduce the VGB model, and CV model for clustering among the international ports for enhancing the efficiency of inputs and outputs.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.294-302
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• 2024

The risks in global grain markets have increased due to COVID-19, extreme weather, natural disasters, and the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Additionally, in Korea, the locations for grain manufacturing have shifted owing to various factors. Despite these environmental changes, grain handling ports in Korea are limited in their capacity to respond promptly, resulting in operational inefficiencies. This study clarified changes in grain throughput and analyzed the efficiency of grain handling ports using the Super-SBM model. It suggested that the ports in Pyeongtaek and Gunsan were the most efficient, based on CCR and BCC results in 2022. These findings could provide several insights related to port operating plans for port operators, managers, and developers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 2001

The Principle objective of this paper is to introduce a systematic approach to identifying similar container ports in Asia. For this, it analyses data on port facilities, port facility availability, port service level total container throughput, and economic index, by using Multidimentional Scaling (MDS) method. Based on the analysis it identifies five groupings of similar container ports in Asia within which Port comparison can be justifiably made, evaluates a present position of five groupings on the basis of factors used to compare container ports in Asia ; and finally proposes policy implications for operation efficiency of Pusan container port in comparison with Kaohsiung Port. The major implication is that both the Kaosuing and the Pusan port have to strengthen port facility to attract more traffic, and particularly, Pusan Port has to reinforce the number of berth, total length of berth. and yard areas.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2009

Busan port, which had ranked at 3rd busiest port following Singapore and Hong Kong in 2002, has been nudged out of 5th place. Growth of China ports threatens Korea ports to be a hub port in Far East Asia. Therefore, Korea ports are needed to establish competitive strategies to overcome a crisis of local ports. In this paper, the question, 'Who is my competitor?' is examined There is a different aspect between this work and many studies that has been done before, because the fore studies focused on the competitive factors or port efficiencies. Above all, the meaning of competition among ports has been summarized through existing literatures. Next. the competition structure among ports is researched, based 0/1 import-export traffic of five local ports including Busan.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.1-20
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to clarify a safety efficiency of ports in South Korea considering port casualties. The paper conducted a vector auto regression to analyze a cause-and-effect relationship between latent factors and port casualties. Subsequently, the paper evaluated safety efficiency for the ports using an undesirable outputs model. The results implied that the number of workers in the shipping union had a statistical effect on the port casualties. In contrast, the number of workers in the operators and working hours are unrelated to the port casualties. In addition, it was found that Yeosu Gwangyang Port is the most safety efficiency port in South Korea. Based on these results, this paper may provide various policy implications for port operators, developers, and managers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.118-120
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• 2023

Increasing port competition driven by the containerisation has motivated ports and terminals to focus on their performance to efficiently utilise the available resources and to make strategic decisions in port development and expansion. With both inter-port andintra-port competition increasing in the port of Colombo, this study aims to measure the efficiency of the container terminals in Colombo comparing to terminals in the port of Busan using the DEA window analysis to determine their operational efficiency and to provide suggestions for future port development activities. Multiple window analyses were conducted using CCR and BCC models with different orientations and window lengths to compare the efficiencies of 11 DMUs in both ports during the period from 2015-2019 to measure the efficiencies prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Results revealed the largest terminal operator, PNC in Busan, to be the most efficient overall, while the second highest efficiency was recorded by one of the smallest terminal operators, SAGT in Colombo, among the sample. Although use of DEA in port performance measurement has been popular for many years, efficiency measurements in the port of Colombo, the main hub port in the South Asian region, has not been comprehensively studied so far.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.183-190
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• 2010

This paper selects length of berth, area of yard, unloading capacity and number of berth as the input indexes, and cargo turnover as output index to research the source of TFP(Total Factor Productivity) growth of 23 main ports in Korea. The major conclusions are as follows. The TFP of the trade ports in Korea is at the fluctuating stage, but it generally displays a rising trend, and it’s growth originate from the growth of technical efficiency. The Growth rates of TFP of trade ports in the different areas are different, and the sources of growth are also different, but the changing trends are basically the same. Four major factors to the increase of TFP are following: competition between ports, reform of property system, harbor-hinterland economic and international trade, modeling, imitation and innovation in management, technology and system.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.82-98
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to suggest the efficiency measurement way of Korean seaport by using Average Index Transformation model of fuzzy DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis). Two inputs[cargo handling capacity, and berthing capacity], and outputs[cargo handling amount, and the number of ship calls] are used in 1995 and 2004 for 26 Korean seaports. Empirical main results are as follows: First, Tongyung, Gohyun, Okpo, and Sogcho Ports are efficient, and Yeasu Port shows the high efficiency level over 95% under input oriented CCR model. Gohyun and Sogcho Ports showed the most efficient score under average index transformation model. Okpo and Yeasu Ports increased their efficiency scores as the lamda(λ) values are up. The empirical results of fuzzy DEA average index transformation model for Wando, Yeasu, and Seoguipo ports showed that if the lamda values are higher, the efficiency scores are also higher. The main policy implication based on the findings of this study is that the management manager of Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs in Korea should introduce the fuzzy DEA average index transformation model for deciding the size of inputs including the port investment amount and evaluating the port efficiency.