• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.41-63
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• 2008

Employing firm-level data during the period of 1980-2006, this paper analyzes the R&D efficiency of IT SMEs. We focus on comparing the R&D efficiency of IT SMEs with that of large-sized IT firms and non-IT SMEs. The results are summarized as follows. First, the R&D investment of IT SMEs has not been increased since 2000. In IT manufacturing industry, the portion of the R&D investment of IT SMEs is no more than 10.6% in 2005. Second, we analyze the innovation capacity of SMEs with the number of the patent application. The result is similar with the trend of R&D investment. The portion of the patent application of SMEs has not been increased since 2000. Third, the R&D efficiency of non-IT firms is higher than that of IT SMEs regardless of the firm size. The R&D efficiency of non-IT SMEs is over three times as large as that of IT SMEs. Meanwhile, The R&D efficiency of the large-sized non IT firms is 1.86 times as large as that of IT large-sized firms. Finally, we estimate the R&D elasticity and compare between IT manufacturing and service industry. The result shows that the R&D elasticity of IT service industry is higher than that of IT manufacturing industry, regardless of firm size.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.31 no.3 s.258
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• pp.283-291
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• 2007

The static pressure distribution, atomization characteristics and velocity distribution of tapered nozzle swirl spray is analyzed and then compared with original swirl spray. The static pressure distribution inside the swirl spray is measured using a piezoresistive pressure transducer. Phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) is applied to measure and analyze the droplet size and velocity distribution of tapered nozzle and original swirl spray. The static pressure inside the spray shows the lower value compared to the atmospheric pressure and this pressure drop is getting attenuated as the taper angle is increased. The droplet size of tapered nozzle spray shows similar value compared to the original swirl spray at the horizontal mainstream while it shows increased value at vertical mainstream. The deteriorated atomization characteristics of tapered nozzle spray is improved by applying high fuel temperature injection without causing the spray collapse. The velocity results show that the larger portion of fuel is positioned with higher injection velocity, and the smaller portion of fuel is positioned with lower injection velocity with causing spatially non-uniform mixture distribution.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1101-1111
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• 2021

The current study aims to investigate the influence of different categories of ownership held by different types of board members on bank performance. The study uses a sample of Saudi listed banks for the period from 2011 to 2018. The results of the panel data analysis using firm fixed-effects regression model indicate that bank performance is significantly and positively affected by the chairman ownership and the CEO ownership. However, board independent members' ownership has a negative influence on bank performance. While non-executive board members' ownership and family board members have an insignificant impact on bank performance. Control variables, including board size, non-executive board members, government ownership, leverage, and bank size are significantly associated with bank performance. Overall, the results indicate that Saudi bank performance is higher in smaller banks that have smaller boards with lower non-executive members, lower portion of shares held by independent board members, higher portion of shares held by the chairman, CEO, and government, and higher leverage. The results of this study provide important implications for regulatory authorities and market participants in Saudi Arabia and countries with ownership concentration to understand the actual role of different categories of board ownership on firm performance in addition to optimize board ownership.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 2017

Process capability is well known in quality control literatures. Process capability refers to the uniformity of the process. Obviously, the variability in the process is a measure of the uniformity of output. It is customary to take the 6-sigma spread in the distribution of the product quality characteristic as a measure of process capability. However there is no reference of process capability when maximum material condition is applied to datum and position tolerance in GD&T (Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing). If there is no material condition in datum and position tolerance, process capability can be calculated as usual. If there is a material condition in a feature control frame, bonus tolerance is permissible. Bonus tolerance is an additional tolerance for a geometric control. Whenever a geometric tolerance is applied to a feature of size, and it contains an maximum material condition (or least material condition) modifier in the tolerance portion of the feature control frame, a bonus tolerance is permissible. When the maximum material condition modifier is used in the tolerance portion of the feature control frame, it means that the stated tolerance applies when the feature of size is at its maximum material condition. When actual mating size of the feature of size departs from maximum material condition (towards least material condition), an increase in the stated tolerance-equal to the amount of the departure-is permitted. This increase, or extra tolerance, is called the bonus tolerance. Another type of bonus tolerance is datum shift. Datum shift is similar to bonus tolerance. Like bonus tolerance, datum shift is an additional tolerance that is available under certain conditions. Therefore we try to propose how to calculate process capability index of position tolerance when maximum material condition is applied to datum and position tolerance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.220-230
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for dietary studies of Koreans. One hundred and five food items for the Food frequency questionnaire were selected based on information of frequently consumed foods from National Nutrition Survey Reports and on raw data from a dietary survey on diabetic patients. Frequency of consumption was determined through nine categories ranging from more than three times a day to almost never to indicate how often the specified amount of each food item was consumed during the past month. Three portion sizes were given for each food item(small, medium or large) with respect to a stated medium portion. Seventy-three healthy women served for the validation study. They completed both the FFQ and a 3-day diet record. The FFQ estimate of mean nutrient intake was higher by 10-20% than that of the 3-days diet record and the Spearman correlation coefficients between the two methods ranged from 0.26 to 0.59 . The degree of agreement was from 36% to 38% when nutrients intake assessed by the FFQ and 3day diet record were classified within the same quintile. On the whole , the result of this study seemed to be in good agreement with other studies. Therefore the FFQ developed in this study is considered to be a reliable tool in assessing the dietary habits of Korean.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.405-407
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• 2019

Due to the variety in the shape of dysmorphic cartilage, tragus reconstruction is one of the most challenging goals in otoplasty. The authors describe a method to reconstruct a prominent tragus in a simple way suitable for accounting for the size, shape, and location of the remaining ear. We present a case of tragus deformity in an 11-year-old female patient after a previous excision of pretragal skin tags. There was a small remnant of the deeply located dystopic cartilage in a horizontal orientation. The dystopic cartilage was used to reconstruct the tragus using a chondrocutaneous transposition flap. Only a small portion of the pre-existing cartilage was used to create a chondrocutaneous transposition flap that supplemented the portion of cartilage during tragus reconstruction. The result was a new tragus that showed acceptable improvement in shape, location, and projection. Patients with a small portion of pre-existing cartilage near the tragal wall may benefit from the use of this method for tragus reconstruction.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.57-62
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• 2009

N-Halamines are compounds which have covalent bonding between nitrogen and halogen. N-Halamine materials possess strong antimicrobial properties against wide spectrum of bacteria. The aim of this study is to prepare N-halamine membranes using m-aramid and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Surface characteristics using scanning electron microscope (SEM), pore size distribution, liquid permeability and mean pore size were measured to confirm feasibility as membrane. The results indicated that increased PYA portion up to 15% in the m-aramid/PVA blend resulted in improved pore size distribution, liquid permeability as well as mean pore size. Furthermore, antibacterial efficacy of the membranes after chlorination was confirmed and the results showed that bacteria in water were inactivated.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• spring
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• pp.87-90
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• 2002

This paper analyzes statistically the relationship between size and balance of text corpus by evaluation of the effect of interview sentences in language model for Korean broadcast news transcription system. Our Korean broadcast news transcription system's ultimate purpose is to recognize not interview speech, but the anchor's and reporter's speech in broadcast news show. But the gathered text corpus for constructing language model consists of interview sentences a portion of the whole, $15\%$ approximately. The characteristic of interview sentence is different from the anchor's and the reporter's in one thing or another. Therefore it disturbs the anchor and reporter oriented language modeling. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of interview sentences in language model for Korean broadcast news transcription system and analyze statistically the relationship between size and balance of text corpus by making an experiment as the same procedure according to varying the size of corpus.

• IE interfaces
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.248-257
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• 2003

In a heated rolling process of a steel mill where steel plates are pressed to a sheet coil by spreading and expanding, an irregularly-shaped head portion as well as a tail portion of the sheet coil need to be cropped. Any crop which is not clearly cut and separated from the sheet coil may cause critical damages to the facilities of the following processes. As the cropping process is performed very fast, human eyes are not proper for continuous monitoring of the cropping process. To solve this problem, we have developed a machine-vision based crop-drop detection system. The system also measures lengths of major and minor axes for the crops and thereby determines the proper crop size to minimize steel sheet losses.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.833-839
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• 2013

Separated normal and waxy rice starches were pulverized, and the physicochemical and digestive properties of the starches were determined. The size of both starch granules significantly decreased (less than $8{\mu}m$) after pulverization. For pasting properties, significant decreases of peak and setback viscosity were observed in both of pulverized starches than in native ones. The lower pasting temperature as well as increased solubility and water binding capacity of pulverized starches imply molecular degradation of starch by pulverization. For thermal properties, onset temperature and melting enthalpy significantly decreased after pulverization, especially in normal rice starch, however there was no difference in amylose-lipid complex before andafter pulverization. The slowly digestible and resistant starch portion of normal rice starch increased after pulverization, however, in waxy rice starch, the rapidly digestible portion increased.