• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.311-329
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• 1996

This study was designed to compare the level of medical utilization between the urban and rural areas of Korea and to explain the differences between the two regions. Data from the National Health Interview Survey performed by the Korean Institute of Health & Social Affairs in 1992 were used for this study utilizing a sample size of 21,841 people. The level of medical utilization such as the number of physician visits and the number of hospital admissions was compared between the regions with ANOVA. Various determinants for medical use were also compared by univariate analysis. Statistical models which included enabling factors, predisposing factors, need factors and region were constructed for bivariate analysis in order to further elucidate the level of medical utilization. The results were as follows: 1. There was greater medical use, both in terms of physician visits and inpatient care in the rural areas in spite of insufficient health resources. The particular reasons for higher medical utilization in rural areas were attributed to a higher number of initial physician visits as well as a longer the length of stay per hospital admission. Therefore, indicators representing the degree of met need (utilization/need) showed no significant difference between rural and urban areas in spite of the fact that the medical need is larger in rural areas. 2. Use of public health facilities received a significant portion of physician visits in the rural area. The government's effort to enhance primary health care through health centers, health subcenters and the nurse practitioner's post in rural areas has contributed to the increase of access to medical care in the rural areas. 3. There were some differences in the socio-demographic characteristics between two regions ; There were more elderly people over the age of 65: unstable marital status, less education and lower incomes also characterized the rural areas. Therefore, among rural people, there were more predisposing factors for medical use. Additionaly, need factors such as poor self-reported health status and high morbidity level were also high in the rural area. 4. In contrast it was learned that, the supply of health resources was mostly concentrated in the urban areas except for public health facilities. Therefore, geographical access to medical care was lower in the rural area both in terms travel time and travel cost. 5. The coefficient of the region variable was insignificant in the regression model which controlled the supply factor only. However, utilization was significantly higher in urban areas if the model included predisposing factors and need factors in addition to the supply factor. The results were interpreted as rural people have greater medical needs.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.107-112
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• 2005

본 연구는 닭고기의 품질 등급을 설정하기 위한 기초 자료로 이용하기 위하여 시중 도계장을 대, 중, 소로 구분하여 생산 관리 책임자들을 대상으로 닭고기 등급제 적용에 따른 도계장 및 유통업소 및 판매장 조사를 통하여 등급 판정 방법, 표본 수 선발 방법 등을 설정하여 설문지에 의한 방문 조사를 실시한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 도계장 설문 조사에서 등급제 적용시 적용 단위는 대부분의 도계장에서 농가단위 보다는 롯트 단위를 선호하였다. 닭고기 등급제 조사방법은 대부분의 도계장에서 전수 조사보다는 샘플 조사를 선호하였다. 닭고기 등급제 시행 초기에는 도계장에서 요청한 물량에 대해서만 등급 판정을 실시하는 것을 선호하였다. 통닭뿐만 아니라 부분육에 대해서도 등급제를 적용해야 된다는 의견이 많았다. 닭고기 등급제 적용시의 중량의 범위는 대규모 도계장에서는 $8\~12$호에 대해서 등급 판정을 선호하였다. 도계조건에서 실신 시 전압은 대규모의 경우 81V이상의 전압을 주로 사용하였고, 냉각조는 대규모 도계장 일부를 제외하고는 침수식을 사용하였다. 대규모 도계장에서는 닭고기 출하 시 개체 및 박스 포장을 같이 사용하고 있었으나 소규모 도계장은 박스 포장만 사용하였다.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 1997

A peripheral nerve when approximation of the ends imparts tension at the anastomosis and with a relatively long segment defect after excision of neuroma and neurofibroma cannnot be repaired by early primary suture. The one of the optimistic reconstruction method of severed peripheral nerves is to restore tension-free continuity at the repair site putting an autogenous nerve graft into the neural gap despite of ancipating motor or sensory deficit of the donor nerve area. To overcome the deficit of the autogenous nerve graft, several other conduits supplying a metabolically active environment which is able to support axon regeneration and progression, providing protection against scar invasion, and guiding the regrowing axons to the distal stump of the nerve have been studied. An author have used ipsilateral femoral vein, ipsilateral femoral vein filled with fresh thigh muscle, and autogenous sciatic nerve for the sciatic nerve defect of around 10 mm in length to observe the regeneration pattern in rat by light and electron microscopy. The results were as follows. 1. Light microscopically regeneration pattern of nerve fibers in the autogenous graft group was more abundant than vein graft and vein filled with muscle group. 2. On ultrastructural findings, the proxial end of the graft in various groups showed similar regenerating features of the axons, myelin sheaths, and Schwann cells. The fascicular arrangement of the myelinated and unmyelinated fibers was same regardless of the type of conduits. There were more or less increasing tendency in the number and the diameter of myelinated fibers correlated with the regeneration time. 3. In the middle of the graft, myelinated nerve fibers of vein filled with muscle group were more in number and myelin sheath was thinner than in the venous graft, but the number of regenerating axons in autogenous nerve graft was superior to that in both groups of the graft. The amount of collagen fibrils and amorphous materials in the endoneurial space was increased to elapsed time. 4. There was no difference in regenerating patterns of the nerve fibers of distal end of the graft. The size and shape of the myelinated nerve fbers were more different than that of proximal and middle portion of the graft. From the above results, the degree of myelination and regenerating activity in autogenous nerve is more effective and active in other types of the graft and there were no morphological differences in either ends of the graft regardless of regeneration time.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 1997

Cytogenetic observations of loss of the distal portion of the Y chromosome long arm were found to be associated with disrupted spermatogenesis. The existence of a gene involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis, the azoospermia factor (AZF), was postulated. In this study, we screened the AZF region including DAZ and DAZH genes and observed the expression pattern of DAZ and DAZH transcript in infertile men with azoospermia and oligospermia by using a sequence-tagged site (STS)-based PCR method. PCR primers were synthesized for 11 STSs that span Yq interval 6, SRY, DAZ, and DAZH, functional DAZ homologue on chromosome 3. Microdeletions were detected in 4/32 (12.5%) azoospermic men and 1/11 (9%) severe oligospermic men. Only 2 of 5 patients had microdeletions of Yq that contained the DAZ gene, whereas the other 3 patients had deletions extending from intervals 5L-6F proximal to the DAZ gene on Yq. Testis biopsies of the azoospermic patients revealed a variety from Sertoli cell-only syndrome to testicular maturation arrest. Of 4 men with clinical data available, average testis size was R: 13.8 cc, L: 13.8 cc, serum T was $4.0{\pm}1.25$ ng/ml, LH was $3.63{\pm}1.90$ mIU/ml, and FSH was $8.85{\pm}5.13$ mIU/ml. These values did not differ significantly from the remainder of the patients tested. We could not observed the DAZ transcript in 2 patients, who have no mature spermatozoa. In 11.6% of patients microdeletions of the AZF could be detected. These deletions in the AZF region seem to be involved causing spermatogenic failure. But the frequency of microdeletions proximal to DAZ suggests that DAZ is not the only gene associated with spermatogenic failure.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.177-180
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• 2004

Objectives: To completely excise a malignant tumor which invades carotid artery walls, the resection and reconstruction of the carotid artery is essentially required. In most of the cases, interposition graft using a saphenous vein has been performed, however the vessel caliber discrepancy between a common carotid artery and the saphenous vein can result in a problem on surgical technique. We have introduced and evaluated a new titanium hemoclip tailing method to overcome vessel caliber discrepancy in interposition saphenous vein graft for carotid artery resection in the treatment of head and neck cancers. Method: After carotid artery resection, the calibers of the proximal common carotid artery and the vein were compared, and an orifice of the common carotid artery was gradually reduced to a little larger than or the same size as the orifice of the vein by using the titanium hemostatic clip. Subsequently, the common carotid artery was connected to the vein through anastomosis. The same method was also applied to the distal anastomosis site. There after, the vessels were connected through the anastomosis, and a circulation was restored by releasing a vascular clamp. Then, a titanium hemostatic clip-applied redundant portion on the outside of carotid artery was sutured by the blanket edge suture method, using 6-0 Prolene. Results: We have experienced this method in two patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma and neuroblostoma, respectively. The interposition saphenous vein graft of these patients was found to maintain good patency on the follow up angiography after one year, and they had no specific vascular complication, such as atherosclerosis. Conclusion: This method made it possible to simply perform the interposition saphenous vein graft (ISVG) within a short time and, therefore, was very useful for shortening the duration to block circulation.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.228-234
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• 2011

Purpose: Reconstruction of chest wall has always been a challenging problem. Muscle flaps for chest wall reconstruction have been helpful in controling infection, filling dead space and covering the prosthetic material in this challenge. However, when we use muscle flaps, functional and cosmetic donor site morbidities could occur. The authors applied and revised various partial muscle flaps and combination use of them to cover the prosthetic material for the chest wall reconstruction and evaluated the usefulness of partial muscle flaps. Methods: This study included 7 patients who underwent chest wall reconstruction using partial muscle flap to cover prosthetic material from 2004 to 2008. The pectoralis major muscle was used in anterior 2/3 parts of it leaving lateral 1/3 parts of it. The anterior 2/3 parts of the pectoralis major muscle were used while lateral 1/3 parts were left. In case of the rectus abdominis muscle flap, we used upper half of it, or we dissected it around its origin and then advanced to cover the site. The latissimus dorsi muscle flap was elevated with lateral portion of it along the descending branch of the thoracodorsal artery. If single partial muscle flap could not cover whole prosthetic material, it would be covered with combination of various partial muscle flaps adjacent to the coverage site. Results: Flap coverage of the prosthetic material and chest wall reconstructions were successfully done. There occurred no immediate and delayed post operative complications such as surgical site infection, seroma, deformity of donor site and functional impairment. Conclusion: When we use the muscle flaps to cover prosthetic material for chest wall reconstruction, use of the partial muscle flaps could be a good way to reduce donor site morbidity. Combination of multiple partial flaps could be a valuable and good alternative way to overcome the disadvantages of partial muscle flaps such as limitation of volume and size as well as flap mobility.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.95-99
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• 2019

질소 치환한 소용량 조제분유 포장에서 초기 잔존 산소와 저장 중 투과 유입되는 산소를 제거하여 추가적인 산화 방지 효과를 얻고자 산소흡수제를 함입하는 포장을 구성 설계하였다. 조제분유 13 g을 담은 5 × 7 cm의 폴리에틸렌/펄프 다층 세공성 여과 봉지와 함께 산소흡수제를 8 × 9 cm의 알루미늄 적층 필름 포장에 넣은 후, 질소 기체로 치환포장하여 30℃에서 254일 동안 저장하였고, 같은 조건에서 산소흡수제가 함입되지 않은 대조구 포장 조건과 비교하였다. 산소흡수제는 조제분유와 직접적인 접촉을 하지 않으면서도 포장 내부의 산소를 전량 흡수할 수 있었으며 산소의 제거에 따른 산화 방지로 인하여 이산화탄소 발생을 보이지 않았다. 전 저장기간 동안 대조구 포장 제품에 비하여 산소흡수제 함입 포장의 제품에서는 0.7~2.2 meq/kg 만큼의 낮은 과산화물가를 보여서 조제분유 포장에서 산소흡수제의 산화 지연 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 초기 갈변지표 물질인 HMF 함량은 두 처리구간 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 본 연구의 산소흡수제 함입 조제분유 포장은 소용량 포장의 유통기한을 연장하고 제품 품질을 향상시킬 수 있는 가능성을 제공하였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제96권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 2007

생물반응기를 이용하여 가시오갈피 부정근 증식시 부정근의 생장과 유용 이차대사산물인 eleuthroside 류 생산에 미치는 $NO_3{^-}$와 $NH_4{^+}$의 영향 및 배양기간에 따른 배지성분의 변화량을 분석하였다. 부정근 증식은 질소농도가 50 mM $NO_3{^-}$와 10 mM $NH_4{^+}$ 농도비율로 참가된 처리구에서 최대(24.4g FW/L)에 이르러 60 mM $NH_4{^+}$ 첨가에 비해서는 3.4배 증식되었다. 또한 $NH_4{^+}$의 첨가농도비율이 높아질수록 부정근의 증식은 감소하였다. Eleutheroside B와 E1은 총 질소량이 30 mM 처리에서 각각 $249{\mu}g/g$와 $43{\mu}g/g$을 생산하여 가장 우수하였으나, eleutheroside E는 총 질소농도가 높아질수록 생산량도 높아져 120 mM에서 $788{\mu}g/g$로 가장 우수하였다. 부정근 생장은 초기 접종량 대비 배양 9주만에 6.2배가 증식되었고, 배양기간별 배지 성분의 변화에서는 산도는 4.81-6.35로 변화가 비교적 심했고, $NH_4{^+}$와 $K^+$는 배양기간이 경과할수록 함유량이 낮았다. 이러한 결과로 보아 부정근의 생장과 유용이차대사산물의 함량을 높이기 위하여 다양한 처리의 연구가 수행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.481-487
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• 2004

본 연구의 목적은 한국인 정상교합자에서 하악치열궁의 형태적 차이를 알아보고자 하였다. 한국인 102명의 정상교합자를 대상으로 하악 모형의 교합면을 복사한 후 13개의 접촉점중에서 가장 협측으로 위치한 부분을 digitize하였고 각 치아의 브라켓위치에 해당하는점을 하악치아의 두께에 의거하여 4개의 선계측과 2개의 비율을 측정하였다. 치열궁의 형태를 square, ovoid, tapered from으로 분류하여 그 빈도를 남녀성별에 따라 비교한 결과 특이한 차이점을 보이 지 않았으나 대구치간 폭경에서는 남녀 성별의 차이를 보였다. 정상교합자에서 치열궁 형태분포는 ovoid, square, tapered순 이었고 tapered arch from은 $10\%$미만이었다. 치열궁 형태의 빈도분포에 있어서 남녀간의 차이는 없었다.

• 복식
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.59-72
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• 2000

Dragon robe was defined as a robe on which the principal design consisted of dragon. Dragon patterns have been used on princess robes during T'and Dynasty. In Sung, Dragon-figured robes seem to have an Imperial prerogative. Yuan took over the use of robes with dragons patterns as a definite institition. Ming tried to reject all Yuan innovations, the dragon robe was retained as an unofficial court costume. The Emperor's semiformal robes which at first had four dragon medallions, later had twelve along with the 12 Symbols(십이장문). As Ch'ing dragon robes were only intended fro semiformal use. The Later Ch'ing robes date from after 1719, when the Ch'ien-lung(건륭) introduced 12 Symbols on Ch'ing robes. The Ch'ien-lung laws were disobeyed, notably the ones that specified the number of claws on the dragons. THe Emperor's dragon robe, lung-p'ao, (용포) was described as bright yellow in color, having four slits and horsefoof cuffs. The basic pattern consisted of nin dragons, in addition it had 12 Symbols. The elaborate textile techniques reached their peak in Ch'ing Dynasty-with its Weaving and Dyeing Office in Peking, and this factories at Hangchow(항주), Soochow(소주), and Naking(남경) -helps to explain why the decay of the Ch'ing bureaucracy hastended the decline of dragon robes. In the Ch'ing Dynasty tow terms were used for dragon robe, depending on the number of claws on the dragons. Those with five-clawed dragons were called lung-p'ao, while those with four-clawed dragons were called mang-p'ao(망포). The Court felt compelled to take corrective meausres. It decreeed that Ninisters of State and other officials, who had been bestowed five-clawed lung dragons, must take out one claw. Finally, the sale of ranks and the attendant privilege of wearing dragon robes gradually increased during the 18 th century, reaching its height in the 19 th century, Finally, after the Taiping Rebellion, when the Imperial Treasury was depleted by the wholesale destruction of revenue-producing lands, the Chinese government came to depend on such sales as an important source of revenue and the practice became even more widespread. The ensuing mass production of dragon robes, and the necessity of conforming to the fairly rigid basic pattern established in 1759, resulted in marked deterioration of workmanship, and a comparative monotony of decoration. The patterns on the dragon robes slight changes continued to be made in the ways of representign them. The li shui (입수) portion at the base of the robe become inreasingly wider throughout the 19th century. The background became cluttered with symbols of good fortune, scattered among the clouds and waves. As a result of all this extraneous decoration, the dragons were so crowded that they had to shrink back into the small size that they had originally occupied in the medallons. Kuang-hsu(광저) was a long one, allowing time for the manufacture of numerous robes. Also, it would seem likely that Occidental museums and collections would have a considerable number of his robes, in view of the widespread looting of his palaces during the Allied occupation of Peking in 1900, and the frequent sales of Late Ch'ing imperial textiles by destitute Manchu courtiers in the '20's.