• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

Seoul, a mega city, contains many features of the modern city. When the disaster or emergency occurs in Seoul, the place for shelter is required for evacuation urgently. There are currently the numbers of shelters in Seoul City, which can hold the twice more capacity of population of Seoul. However, the population distribution fluctuation in the day and the night needs to be considered. Therefore, in order to analyze the actual capacity of shelter, it is necessary to consider the dynamic characteristics of population distribution in the metropolitan area. In the study, the substantial accessibility and the capacity of shelters in Seoul were analyzed by the floating population data of the metropolitan area. The accessibility of shelter was investigated through a network analysis that includes the pedestrian road data, while the capacity of shelter was analyzed by the local differences of daytime population distributions. Finally it was possible to identify the vulnerable areas on the basis of the distribution of shelter in the region.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.422-439
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• 2019

The rear edge population is considered to have low genetic diversity and high risk of extinction according to a highly isolated distribution. However, the rear edge population is observed to have persisted for an extended period despite the low genetic diversity. As such, it is necessary to understand the ecological process involved in the persistence of the population. Viola mirabilis L. in Korea is considered the rear edge population from the perspective of the worldwide distribution. We surveyed the distribution range of V. mirabilis, which shows the isolated distribution in the central area of Korea, to find out the factors of its persistence. Next, we investigated and accessed the vegetational pattern of habitats, soil environment, phenology, self-compatibility, population structure, and extinction risk factors observed in the distribution area. V. mirabilis was distributed in the understory of the deciduous forest, planted forest of the deciduous conifer and deciduous broad-leaved trees, shrubland, and grassland in the limestone area. We also observed the re-establishment of seedlings in the population, and most of them showed a stable population structure. For chasmogamous flowers, the visit by pollinators has a significantly positive relationship with the production of fruits. However, we found that the production of the cleistogamous flowers was more numerous in all studied populations and that only the cleistogamous flowers were produced despite a more substantial plant size in some populations. The plant size was more related to the production of the cleistogamous flowers than that of the chasmogamous flowers. Accordingly, the cleistogamous flowers significantly contributed to seedling recruitment in the population. We found that the production of the chasmogamous flowers and the cleistogamous flowers did not have a correlation with the factors of the soil analysis except for phosphoric acid. V. mirabilis showed the self-incompatibility characteristics most likely due to the production capability of the cleistogamous flowers. Potential extinction risk factors observed in the distribution area was included the development of limestone mine, the expansion of agricultural fields, and the construction of houses. Although V. mirabilis showed an isolated distribution in the limestone area in the Korean peninsula, it showed a diverse distribution in a wide habitat environment ranging from the grassland to the understory of the trees with relatively low canopy closure rate. Moreover, we concluded that the persistence of the population was possible if we can maintain the current state of multiple populations and stable population structure.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.20-33
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• 2018

Population distribution in urban space varies with transportation flow changing along time of day. Transportation flow is directly affected by the activities of urbanites and the distribution of related facilities, since the flow is the result of moving to the point where the facilities associated with their activities are located. It is thus necessary to analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics of the urban population distribution by integrating the distribution of activity spaces related to the daily life of urbanites and the flow of transportation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the population distribution in urban space with daily and weekly time bases using the building database and T-card database in the city of Seoul, which is rich in information on land use and transportation flow. For a time-based analysis that is difficult to grasp by general statistical techniques, a four-dimensional visualization method combining time and space using a Java program is devised. Dynamic visualization in the four-dimensional space and time allows intuitive analysis and makes it possible to understand more effectively the spatio-temporal characteristics of population distribution. For this purpose, buildings are classified into three activity groups: residential, working, and commercial according to their purpose, and the number of passengers traveling to and from each stop site of bus and subway networks in the T-card database for one week is calculated in one-minute increments, Visualizing these and integrating transportation and land use, we analyze spatio-temporal characteristics of the population distribution in Seoul. As a result, it is found that the population distribution of Seoul displays distinct spatio-temporal characteristics according to land use. In particular, there is a clear difference in the population distribution pattern along the time axis according to the mixed aspects of working, commercial, and residential activities. The results of this study can be very useful for transportation and location planning of city facilities.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2016

Background: Parametric statistical procedures are typically conducted under the condition in which a sample distribution is statistically identical with its population. In reality, investigators use inferential statistics to estimate parameters based on the sample drawn because population distributions are unknown. The uncertainty of limited data from the sample such as lack of sample size may be a challenge in most rehabilitation studies. Objects: The purpose of this study is to review the bootstrapping method to overcome shortcomings of limited sample size in rehabilitation studies. Methods: Articles were reviewed. Results: Bootstrapping method is a statistical procedure that permits the iterative re-sampling with replacement from a sample when the population distribution is unknown. This statistical procedure is to enhance the representativeness of the population being studied and to determine estimates of the parameters when sample size are too limited to generalize the study outcome to target population. The bootstrapping method would overcome limitations such as type II error resulting from small sample sizes. An application on a typical data of a study represented how to deal with challenges of estimating a parameter from small sample size and enhance the uncertainty with optimal confidence intervals and levels. Conclusion: Bootstrapping method may be an effective statistical procedure reducing the standard error of population parameters under the condition requiring both acceptable confidence intervals and confidence level (i.e., p=.05).

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.509-524
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to research on the distribution and correlation of population, industrial employees and highest land value of Seoul. The followings are result of the study. First, the population of Seoul City in 2012 decreased by 0.3%, compared with that in 1996. While the population of Gangbuk decreased, that of Gangnam increased. Second, the number of industrial employees showed larger gap than population, and it showed larger regional gap on producer service. Third, Jung-gu in Gangbuk had the highest land value among commercial areas of Seoul, but there was no significant gap between Gangbuk(Jung-gu and Jongro-gu) and Gangnam(Seocho-gu and Gangnam-gu). Fourth, in the average of the highest land value of residential area of Seoul City, Gangnam was more expensive, because of facilities and living conditions of Gangbuk and Gangnam is big difference. Fifth, the regional gap of the highest land value and the lowest land value of Seoul City is commercial areas larger than residential area. Finally, there was no correlation between the distribution of population and land value, between the increase of population and that of land value, but there was positive correlation between the distribution of industrial employees and the highest land value of commercial area and residential area of Seoul City.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2002

This analysis is accomplished by using 331 rescue and medical evacuation cases performed by KangWonDo Fire Service Department Aviation(KFSA-119 Heicopters) between Jan. 1998 and Oct. 2002. By analysing injury causes, annual differences, sexual, scenic(locaional) distribution and wounded part distribution, this study tried to figure out the general tendency of the helicopter-transported patients in Korea. The results are as follows; 1. The whole population of the patients rescued and transported by helicopters is increasing by the annual rate of 150%~200%. 2. For the locational (scenic) distribution of the patients, 57% (190 cases) of the target population were injured on their mountain-climbing or tracking. 3. 12% (41 cases) of the target population were the Inter-Hospital transport cases. 4. 6% (16 cases) were the expired cases. 5. for the wounded part distribution, 46% (106 cases) were muscular skeletal injuries. 6. The aircraft and personnel of the KFSA were rescue-oriented, so for the EMS operations especially inter-hospital transport missions, different medical equipments and personnels are needed.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2023

Purpose: Research on attracting foreign direct investment plays an important role in ASEAN countries. ASEAN has needed FDI capital for development and integration with many developing countries. Research design, data and methodology: This study is conducted to assess the impact of factors: inflation (INF), economic growth (GDP), population (POP), and trade (TRADE) on attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) of ASEAN countries. The study will find out how factors distribution contributes to FDI attraction. The study collects data from 10 ASEAN countries from 2010 to 2020. With data collected for ten countries from 2010 to 2020, data analysis with panel data will be used in this study. The Regression with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors correction model will be used in the study. Results: Panel data analysis shows that economic growth and population positively impact FDI attraction in ASEAN countries. However, two factors: INF and TRADE, do not affect FDI. Conclusions: Countries need to focus on economic development, create many good conditions for people and domestic enterprises and create opportunities for foreign investors to pay more attention. improving the quality of domestic human resources will help to better improve the working quality factor when the demand for high-quality human resources increases.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.157-164
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• 1975

The distribution and population densities of yeasts including their epiflora on seaweeds were estimated over two months in inshore waters of Mok-po, Korea. Nine species of 48 isolates were obtained from this area. Rhodotorula, Torulopsis and Debaryomyces that are widespread in estuaries were of common occurrence in this water body. The highest counts belonged to Torulopsis candida which was predominated in temperate estuarine zone. The distribution of sea weeds seems to be correlated with the population densities of yeasts. Two species of marine algae harbored yeasts during May and July, 1975. Among seaweeds isolates, the highest numbers werre of the species Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis. A dominant colonization of this strain on Chlorophyceae and Phaeophyta and a role of water temperature for the growth of yeasts are discussed.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.21-34
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• 2012

This paper addresses a network design problem in a supply chain system that involves locating both plants and distribution centers, and determining the best strategy for distributing products from the suppliers to the plants, from the plants to the distribution centers and from the distribution centers to the customers. This paper suggests a cooperative coevolutionary algorithm (CCEA) approach to solve the model. First, the problem is decomposed into three subproblems for each of which the chromosome population is created correspondingly. Each chromosome in each population is represented as a permutation denoting the priority. Then an algorithm generating a solution from the combined set of chromosomes from each population is suggested. Also an algorithm evaluating the performance of a solution is suggested. An experimental study is carried out. The results show that our CCEA tends to generate better solutions than the previous CCEA as the problem size gets larger and that the permutation representation for chromosome used here is better than other representation.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.273-282
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• 2003

The problem of estimating the parameters of k-population Weibull distributions is discussed under the prior of ordered scale parameters. Parameters are estimated by the Gibbs sampling method. Since the conditional posterior distribution of the shape parameter in the Gibbs sampler is not log-concave, the shape parameter is generated by the adaptive rejection sampling. Finally, we applied this estimation methodology to the data discussed in Nelson (1970).