• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.414-420
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• 2006

The present study evaluated the effects of pomegranate peel (Granati pericarpium) extract on the lipid profiles and antioxidant biomarkers in mice fed a high fat and cholesterol diet: the measured biomarkers included the TBARS value, GPx, GR, SOD and GST activities. Body fat depositions were significantly decreased in the group that received pomegranate peel. In addition, the activities of GPx, GST and SOD were significantly higher in the liver and plasma of the pomegranate peel group than in the control group. Also, the pomegranate peel diet decreased lipid peroxidation of the liver and kidney. Alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) showed that the DNA damage in the plasma of the pomegranate peel group was decreased compared to that of control. The present results show that a diet with added pomegranate peel exerts protective effects against oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation possibly via effects on the free radical levels in mice fed a high fat and cholesterol diet.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.81-97
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• 2007

Punica granatum, L. (Pomegranate) has 613 seeds which accidentally corresponds to the 613 commandments in the Bible. Accordingly, the fruit has been worshipped by the Jewish and other religious people from the ancient. Pomegranate's seed, peel and juice contain a variety of ethnomedical components so much as the sum of three kinds of other common fruits. The number of published papers related to the pomegranate in recent 7 years flourished 7 times more than before at the bases of Medline record. Since the containments of estrogen, as $17{\alpha}-estradiol,\;17{\beta}-estradiol$, estrone, and estradiol, etc., in pomegranate have been reported, public interests and commercial values of pomegranate arose considerably. The report was disproved later, however, merits of this fruit remained yet; clinical efficacy for preventing and remediating cancers including breast and prostate cancers by oral administration of the juice, seed oil, and peel extract is still believed to be true. In this review, target components of pomegranate such as antioxidants, anticancers, antiestrogens and ethnomedical components were analyzed and discussed along with examining its pharmaceutical efficacy and prescription to postmenopausal lesion, cardiosclerosis, cosmetic beautification, viral and allergic symptoms, and diabetes mellitus, etc.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.42-50
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• 2008

The objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy of pomegranate hull colorant as a natural hair coloring dye. The extract of pomegranate hull was concentrated and freeze-dried to get colorant powder. Effect of dyeing condition and mordanting on the dye uptake of hair by using Al, Fe, Cu, Cr, Sn compounds, color change and colorfastness were explored. In addition, tensile strength was measured and the surface of the hair was observed. Dye uptake of hair measured by K/S value (400 nm) indicated that ionic bonding seems to be involved in the sorption of pomegranate colorant to hair. Maximum sorption was obtained at pH 3.5 and the concentration of 50% (on the weight of hair, o.w.h.). Acidic dyeing condition (pH $3.5{\sim}5.0$) showed yellow color however alkaline dyeing condition (pH $7{\sim}11$) gave reddish yellow color. Pomegranate hull colorant produced greyish brown color on hair and the hair mordanted with Fe showed dark brown color. Mordants except Fe did not increase dye uptake significantly. Mordants except Cu increased light fastness and mordants except Cr increased washing fastness level slightly. According to SEM observation and the tensile strength retention measurement, the mordant dyed hair gave more damage to hair by ultraviolet light and washing than the hair dyed without mordanting. Experimental results of K/S value and colorfastness(light and washing) supported that pomegranate hull colorant without mordanting can be used as a semi-permanent natural hair coloring dye.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.181-190
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• 2017

Functional foods are of great significance since our society is accelerating into aging. An aging society has many physiological metabolic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, dementia and geriatric diseases. Fundamental treatments for the elderly are almost impossible and the social burden is heavy. If these diseases can be prevented or alleviated by improving dietary habits using functional foods, the significance would be very large. Pomegranate has been found to have 124 different kinds of phytochemicals. Polyphenols have a wide range of protective effects including various physiological metabolic diseases and cancers. It is necessary to develop functional foods such as preservatives and food extenders which can contribute to food safety, required in the food industry, by using such bioactive substances. Pomegranates have been reported to decrease the impact of many serious illnesses. There is a considerable amount of bioactive substances in the peel of a pomegranate, which has potent anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-apoptotic properties. Unfortunately, the peel is typically discarded after processing. Despite knowledge regarding the bioactive substances in the pomegranate peel and peel extracts, including their functionality and diversity, the knowledge is not well known by consumers in general. The aim of this study was to review up to date research trends for processing and developing new functional foods by utilizing nutritional functional substances, favourite food materials, and materials for processing food contained in pomegranate peels and pomegranate peel extracts. This study will summarize the data found in pomegranate peel and pomegranate peel extract literature mainly recently published in Science Direct. There are polyphenolic compounds (ellagitannins, punicalagin, proanthocyanidin, flavonoids, polysaccharides, etc.) in the fruit peel, making up about 50% of the pomegranate's weight. The polyphenol content of a pomegranate fruit peel is 149.91 mg/g, which is about 100 times higher than the juice. Paying attention to the fact that the ellagitannin content (14.22 mg/g) in the fruit peel is also twice as high as that of the fruit juice and seeds, that confirms the possibility of utilizing the peel as a food ingredient capable of developing new, functional bioactive foods.

• 약학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2006

Women's aging made a functional decline at ovary, This functional problem causes estrogen deficiency and many disorders, such as, sexual dysfunction, obesity, osteoporosis, urinary incontinence, skin and all body's aging, etc. We determined the ameliorative effects of some herbal extracts mixture on postmenopausal symptoms in ovariectomized Sprague Dawley rats. Nine-weeks-old female rats were ovariectomized and treated with singled pomegranate extracts (0.40, 1.20 g/kg/day) and mixed pomegranate extracts (1.08, 3.24g/kg/day) for 8 weeks. Oral administration of pomegranate extracts for 8 weeks were increased serum estradiol level and improved the serum osteocalcin, ALP activity and bone specific ALP level. And pomegranate extracts were reduced body weight, adipose tissue. Uterus weight in treated group tended to improve. In addition, the concentrationl of triglyceride and total cholesterol were lower after 8 weeks. HDL-cholesterol levels improved with does-dependency in treated groups. Collagen level on skin and cartilage showed a slight increase at treatment for 8 weeks. $^{\infty}These$ results showed that both of singular extract treatments and extracts mixture treatments were effective on general postmenopausal symptoms at overiectomized rats, and especially, the mixture treatments were more effective than singular treatment. $^{\infty}In$ conclusion, these herbal extracts' mixture showed improvement effect in general factors related with postmenopausal disorders.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.207-212
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• 2005

강한 천연 생리활성물질인 폴리페놀과 탄닌을 다량 함유한 석류를 노화방지제 및 기능성화장품의 화장품 원료로 이용할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하고자, 과즙과 과피 및 종자유로 나누어 분리추출한 후, DPPH radical과 superoxide의 소거작용, 세포내 $H_2O_2$와 hydroperoxide 및 superoxide 생성 억제작용에 미치는 영향에 관하여 실험하여 항산화 작용을 비교 평가하였다. 석류과피 메탄올 추출액은 전반적으로 가장 유의성 있는 항산화 작용을 보였다. 자체적인 항산화 작용뿐만 아니라 세포내에서 free radical이 생성되는 것을 억제하는 작용도 있는 것으로 여겨지며, 석류과즙 농축액은 free radical을 소거하는 항산화 작용이 있으며, 또한 석류 종자유는 강한 hydroperoxide 생성 억제효과를 나타내어, 특히 hydroxy기를 가진 readical의 생성을 억제하는데 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다. 이상과 같은 결과로 보아, 석류의 과즙보다는 과피의 추출물이 항산화 작용이 더 뛰어난 것을 알 수 있었으므로 피부미용에 관련된 건강보조식품 개발시 과피성분을 함유한 추출물을 원료로 사용하는 것이 효과적이라고 사료되며, 특히 피부 주름 방지제 등과 같은 기능성 화장품을 개발하고자 할 때는 석류 종자유를 화장품 원료로 하여 개발하는 것이 더 효과적이라고 사료된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권14호
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• pp.5697-5701
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• 2015

Background: Medicinal plants, especially examples rich in polyphenolic compounds, have been suggested to be chemopreventive on account of antioxidative properties. Punica granatum (PG) (pomegranate) is a well known fruit in this context, but its cytotoxicity in cancer cells has not been extensively studied. Here, we investigated the antiproliferative properties of a peel extract of PG from Iran in different human cancer cells. Materials and Methods: A methanolic extract of pomegranate peel (PPE) was prepared. Total phenolic content(TPC) and total flavonoid conetnt (TFC) were determined by colorimetric assays. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging activity. The cytotoxicity of different doses of PPE (0, 5, 20, 100, 250, 500, $1000{\mu}g/ml$) was evaluated by MTT assays with A549 (lung non small cell cancer), MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), SKOV3 (ovarian cancer), and PC-3 (prostate adenocarcinoma) cells. Results: Significant (P<0.01) or very significant (P<0.0001) differences were observed in comparison with negative controls at all tested doses (5-$1000{\mu}g/ml$). In all studied cancer cells, PPE reduced the cell viability to values below 40%, even at the lowest doses. In all cases, IC50 was determined at doses below $5{\mu}g/ml$. In this regard, MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells were the most responsive cells to antiprolifreative effects of PPE with a maximum mean growth inhibition of 81.0% vs. 69.4%, 79.3% and 77.5% in SKOV3, PC-3 and A549 cells, respectively. Conclusions: Low doses of PPE exert potent anti-proliferative effects in different human cancer cells and it seems that MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells are the most cells and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells the least responsive in this regard. However, the mechanisms of action need to be addressed.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2005년도 생물공학의 동향(XVI)
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• pp.368-372
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• 2005

Phytoestrogens are non-steroidal compounds found in a variety of plants, which exert estrogenic effects in animals. In this study, the useful compounds of pomegranate as preliminarily research for the developing of natural estrogen supplement were determined. The estrogenic activity of phytoestrogens in the pomegranate was estimated by using the Yeast Estrogen Receptor and E-screen assay. Estrogenic activity of all pomegranate extracts in the Yest Estrogen Receptor assay were not significant difference at all concentration. Whereas peel extracts of Iranian and domestic red pomegranate are significantly enhanced in the E-screen assay. When various pomegranate extracts enzyme and acid hydrolyzed, three aglycones of phytoestrogen, kaempferol, quercetin and catechin were detected. Peel extract of domestic red pomegranste contained more than kaempferol(87.0 mg%), quercetin(172.8 mg%)) and catechin(956.8 mg%) than other extracts. These differences in concentrations of key phytoestrogens among various extracts seemed to be responsible for their differences in estrogenic activities. Among these three compound, kaempferol showed the highest MCF-7 cell enhancing efface.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.259-269
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• 2011

본 연구는 노니(Noni)에 10% 물을 첨가한 Noni 90, 1% 홍삼(NG), 4% 복분자(NR), 5% 석류(NP)와 5%석류와 4% 복분자를 첨가한 NPR의 음료를 개발하여 이화학적 성분과 품질 특성을 분석하였다. 열량, 단백질과 총식이섬유소 함량은 NR, NP, NPR이 높았다. 총당의 함량은 NG, NPR이 유의적으로 높았다. 지방, 콜레스테롤, 포화지방은 불검출 되었다. 칼슘과 나트륨 함량은 NG, 철은 NG, NR, NPR가 유의적으로 높았다. pH는 NG와 NP, 당도는 NP와 NPR에서 유의적으로 증가하였다. L값과 b값은 NG, NP, NR이 낮아졌으며, a값은 NG, NR의 경우 증가하였다. 일반세균수는 0/ml이었으며, 대장균군과 대장균 0157:H7는 모두 음성이었다. 관능검사 결과 색은 NPR, 맛과 전체적인 조화도는 NG, NR, NP 혼합음료가 유의적으로 높았다. 신맛, 단맛, 향미는 노니원액과 혼합음료 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 입에서 느끼는 질감은 NP와 NPR이 유의적으로 높았다. 이상의 결과와 같이 노니 원액이나 희석액 보다는 홍삼, 복분자, 석류를 첨가한 혼합음료가 바람직하다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.9.1-9.14
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• 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pomegranate solution (Punica granatum) on eroded dentin through antioxidant action, shear bond strength (SBS) and interface morphology. Materials and Methods: The 10% pomegranate peel extract was prepared by the lyophilization method. Punicalagin polyphenol was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by capturing the 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. For the SBS, 48 dentin fragments were divided into sound or eroded, and subdivided according to the pretreatment (n = 12): water or P. granatum. The surfaces were restored with self-etch adhesive and a bulk-fill resin (Ecosite; DMG). The SBS was done immediately (24 hours) and after thermal cycling + water storage (12 months). For scanning electron microscopy, 48 dentin fragments (24 sound and 24 eroded) received the same treatments as for SBS (n = 6), and they were analyzed after 24 hours and 12 months. Results: The P. granatum had antioxidant action similar (p = 0.246) to the phenolic standard antioxidants. After 24 hours, eroded dentin had lower SBS than sound dentin (p < 0.001), regardless of the pretreatment. After 12 months, P. granatum maintained the SBS of sound dentin (13.46 ± 3.42 MPa) and eroded dentin (10.96 ± 1.90 MPa) statistically similar. The lowest values were found on eroded dentin treated with water (5.75 ± 1.65 MPa) (p < 0.001). P. granatum on eroded dentin caused peritubular demineralization and hybrid layer with resin tags. Conclusions: The pomegranate extract had antioxidant action and preserved the adhesive interface of the eroded dentin.