• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.399-407
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to estimate the intake of individual fatty acid and eventually to contribute to the establishment of dietary guidelines and recommendations of fatty acids for the Koreans. The subjects consisted of female college students aged 20 to 29 years old. Their dietary intake was assessed twice. in summer and in winter, by means of a 24-hour dietary recall method. Food models and other measuring tools were also used. Concentrations of serm total triglyceride, total cholesterol and HDL-& LDL-cholesterol were measured. The subjects consumed 12.3g of polyunsaturated fatty acids, 14.3g of monounsaturated fatty acids and 14.99g of saturated fatty acids per day The ratios of polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids( P/S) and polyunsaturatedimonounsaturatedi saturated fatty acids (P/M/S) taken by the subjects were 0.8/1.0 and 0.8/l.0/l.0, respectively. The ratio of w61w3 fatty acids was found to be 8.3/l.0. All of these values seem to fall in the desirable range. The percentages of total calorie from carbohydrate. fat and protein were 59.4%, 23.4% and 17.2%, respectively. The concentrations of serum total triglyceride, total cholesterol. HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were 59.3ms/dl, 192.7mg/dl, and 59.0mg/dl, and 121.9mg/dl., respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.437-447
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• 1999

The intake of fatty acids, and the effects of fatty acid intake patterns on serum lipid concentrations was investigated in 112 postmenopausal women. Dietary intakes of fatty acids were assessed by means of a semi-quantitative food questionnaire with food models and other measuring tools. The intakes of saturated fatty acid(SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid(MFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) were 10.85g, 11.89g and 12.09g, respectively. The ratios of P/M/S and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 fatty acid were 1.19 : 1.10 : 1 and 6.65 ; 1, respectively. Serum lipid concentrations were adjusted for age, menopausal period, BMI, stress scores, exercise habit and energy intake and the relationship between fatty acid intake and serum lipids was measured using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Serum cholesterol concentration was positively correlated with dietary intake of SFA (p<0.10), MUFA(p<0.05), palmitic acid(p<0.10), stearic acid(p<0.05), oleic aicd(p<0.05), and arachidonic acid(p<0.10). Serumk LDL-cholesterol concentration was positively correlated with MUFA(p<0.10), oleic acid(p<0.10), oleic acid(p<0.10), and arachidonic acid (p<0.10). Serum triglyceride concentration was positively correlated with arachidonic acid(p<0.10). However, serum HDL-cholesterol concentration was not found to be significantly correlated with any fatty acids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.831-836
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• 2001

Little information on the cholesterol content and the fatty acid composition of avian species other than chicken is available. This study was conducted to compare the yolk cholesterol content and the fatty acid profiles of some wild birds maintained in captivity on commercial grain-based chicken diets. The concentration of cholesterol/g of yolk as well as the total yolk cholesterol per egg varied among species. Yolk cholesterol concentration, expressed as mg/g of yolk, was highest in chukar, followed by pheasant, guinea fowl and quail, while total yolk cholesterol in an egg was highest in guinea fowl, followed by pheasant, chuckar and quail. An inverse relationship between yolk cholesterol concentration and egg weight was observed among species with an exception of quail. Although major fatty acids of egg yolk were oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid and stearic acid in all birds, the composition varied among species. Chukar and quail showed higher oleic acid content than pheasant and guinea fowl, while showing lower linoleic acid. Fatty acids of chukar and guinea fowl eggs were more saturated than those of pheasant and quail. Chukar and especially quail had higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than pheasant and guinea fowl; in quail egg 51.6% of total fatty acids were MUFA. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), essential fatty acids (EFA) and the ratio of PUFA to saturated fatty acid (P/S ratio) were higher in pheasant and guinea fowl than in chukar and quail. Differences in fatty acid profile of triglyceride (TG) among birds were largely similar to those of total lipid. In comparison to TG, phosphatidyl choline (PC) was low in MUFA while high in saturated fatty acids (SFA), PUFA, P/S ratio and EFA. PC was most saturated in guinea fowl egg yolk, followed by chukar, quail and pheasant. PUFA, P/S ratio and EFA in PC were highest in pheasant followed by chukar, guinea fowl and quail. PE was distinguished from PC by its high contents of stearic acid, eicosapentenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexenoic acid (DHA) while low in palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. In egg yolk of all birds MUFA was significantly lower in PE than in PC except in quail. Compared to other species, quail had a considerably higher content of MUFA in PE at the expense of SFA and PUFA.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.184-189
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• 2002

The effects of dietary Int levels on lipid metabolism under fixed P/S (1.3) and n-6/n-3 (5.1) fatty acid ratios were examined in rats using palm oil, soybean oil and perilla oil. These ratios correspond to the recommended composition of dietary fat for humans. The range of dietary fat levels was 5-20% by weight (11.8-39.3% of total energy). The levels of dietary fat did not influence the concentrations of serum and liver cholesterol, whereas the level of triglycerides was gradually elevated with increasing levels of dietary fat, especially in the liver. The fatty acid composition of tissue phosphatidylcholine seemed to vary with the different levels of fat. The ratio of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid was increased more significantly in the heart than in the liver. In adipose tissue total lipids, the percentages of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids decreased, whereas the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acid increased, with increasing dietary Int levels. In addition, though the level of aortic prostacyclin was not uniformly affected by increasing dietary fat levels, thromboxane A2 production by platelets tended to increase with higher levels of dietary fat, suggesting an increased risk of thrombosis in this situation. Thus, even though dietary fat may have desirable compositions of fatty acids, these excessive consumption can produce unfavorable metabolic responses.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2014

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is typical of a enormous biomass of marine zooplankton that could provide good nutrition in human body. This study was conducted to identify the nutrition of krill, a live in Antarctic Ocean. The analysis result of fatty acids of krill meal was as follow. The compositions of fatty acid were saturated fatty (SFA) acid 41.41%, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) 21.69%, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 36.89%, and p/s ratio was 0.89. The major fatty acids in all parts were eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 21.54%), palmitic acid (27.51%), oleic acid (13.35%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 12.42%). Especially, EPA and DHA were occupied 33.96% of polyunsaturated fatty acid. The mineral contents of krill meal were calcium 24477.21 mg $kg^{-1}$, sodium 14728.69 mg $kg^{-1}$, magnesium 6973.49 mg $kg^{-1}$, potassium 3981.67 mg $kg^{-1}$, iron 395.33 mg $kg^{-1}$ and manganese 5.74 mg $kg^{-1}$. The contents of major vitamin were retinol 86717.37 ${\mu}g$ RE, ${\beta}$-carotene 44.87 ${\mu}g$ RE, tocopherol 2.60 mg, pantothenic acid 1.61 mg, indicating that krill meal contains large amount of retinol and ${\beta}$-carotene.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.9-21
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• 1996

This study was carried out to evaluate the fatty acid intakes of employees in employee feeding operations in Seoul and to provide prudent dietary guidelines with special concern on dietary fat. Four establishments were selected in large scale group and other four were selected as small scale group according to feeding numbers and food cost. Food intake was measured by substracting the leftover from the averaged portion amount. The leftover was measured by the modified aggregate selection plate waste measurement technique. The results were as follows : Employees from the large scale institution consumed more energy, protein, carbohydrate and niacin compared to those from the small scale institution(p<0.05). The mean calorie compositions of carbohydrate, protein and fat of all subjects were 66.7, 16.4 and 16.9%. The mean fat intake was 12.1g/lunch. Linoleic acid(C18:2 $\omega$6, 3.67g) was the most abundant fatty acid contained in the diet, followed by oleic acid (C18:1 $\omega$9, 3.53g) and palmitic acid(C16:0, 1.83g). The subjects consumed 5.2g polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA), 4.6g monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA), 3.2g saturated fatty acid(SFA) per lunch per person. The average ratios of P/M/S and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 fatty acids were 1.6/1.5/1.0 and 8.5/1/0., respectively. the dietary $\omega$3 fatty acid status can be improved, even though the ratios found belong to the desirable range, by including $\omega$3 fatty acid rich-foods such as bean products and seafoods more frequently in the diet. Caution is needed for higher unsaturated nature of $\omega$3 series fatty acids to be prevented from peroxidation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.170-175
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• 2001

This study was designed to investigate the effect of different sources of $\omega$3 fatty acid in the diet with a similar polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) fatty acid ratio and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 fatty acid ratio as well as excess DHA on the plasma fatty acid composition and cholesterol level of rats. Three experimental diets contained 10% (w/w) dietary lipids. The control diet and one treatment diet were corn oil-based diets with different $\omega$-3 fatty acid sources: perilla (CO) or fish oil (CF), respectively. In order to examine the effect of excess DHA, the other treatment diet (FO) was a fish oil-based diet with corn oil to supply essential fatty acids at the level of 1.8% (w/w) of the diet. Female Sprague Dawley rats were fed the experimental diets for 2 weeks prior to mating and throughout gestation and lactation. Pups were weaned to the same diet of dams at 21 days of age. Plasma fatty acid compositions and cholesterol contents were analyzed for pups at 3th, 7th and 10th week after birth. Plasma DHA concentrations increased significantly as the level of fish oil supplementation increased. Three-, seven- and ten-week old rats fed on CO diet which contained only $\alpha$-lino1enic acid as a $\omega$-3 fatty acid Source had Plasma DHA levels of 4.85%, 3.15% ana 2.47%, respectively, suggesting that rats at this period of development can convert $\alpha$-linolenic acid to DHA. But the ability to form DHA might be limited, since dietary DHA showed to be more effective in raising the plasma level of DHA. There was a significant negative correlation between DHA and cholesterol concentration of the rat plasma at 7th week (r=0.34, p<0.05) and l0th week after birth (r=036, p<0.05), proving the hypocholesterolemic effect of DHA.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.186-192
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• 2000

In this study, total lipid and cholesterol contents and fatty acid composition of colostrum milk obtained from 30 normal mothers, 10 mothers who was delivered of preterm infant and 8 pregnancy induced hypertensive mothers were analyzed. While total cholesterol content in preterm colostrum was significantly lower than other groups (p<0.05), total lipid content was not different among three groups, ranged 2.24-.2.2g/dl. Composition of saturated fatty acide, such as lauric acid and myristic acid which are medium chain fatty acids in preterm milk were higher than those of normal-term and hypertensive mother's milk. There was no difference n total composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the rationh of $\omega$6/$\omega$3 among 3 group mother's colostrum, ranged 19.45-21.45% and 6.42-7.87, respectively. but the composition of arachidonic acid and DHA in colostrum of hypertensive mothers were significantly higher than those of normal and preterm mothers. These data indicates that gestational length and complications during pregnancy may change the lipid profile and fatty acid composition of hyman milk colosstrum.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1546-1550
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• 2007

This study aimed to provide basic information as the foundation for further studies on the assessment of velvet antler quality by investigating the changes in fatty acid, vitamin A and E, minerals and GAGs contents by development stage of antler in spotted deer (Cervus nippon). Twelve stags (aged 4 to 5 years) were divided into two groups and velvet antler harvested 40 days (FDG) and 60 days (SDG) after casting of the buttons from the previous set. Total saturated fatty acid was lower in FDG than SDG (p<0.05). Total monounsaturated fatty acid, conjugated linoleic acid (p<0.05), polyunsaturated fatty acid and ${\omega}$3 fatty acid were higher in FDG than SDG. The vitamin A content of FDG was higher than that of SDG, but the vitamin E content of FDG was lower than that of SDG (p<0.05). SDG had significantly higher calcium and phosphate content than FDG (p<0.05). The magnesium content showed a similar trend to the contents of calcium and phosphate, but there was no significant difference between SDG and FDG. Uronic acid content was higher in FDG than SDG but there was no significant difference. The contents of GAGs and sialic acid were significantly higher (p<0.05) in FDG than SDG. These results indicated that the longer stage of antler development had lower content of activating components and this lead to a decrease of antler quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.184-188
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• 2002

The fatty acid contents of egg yolk from various chicken eggs such as general egg, ginseng egg, gamgoal egg and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) egg were analysed during storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 3 weeks. The major fatty acids of all egg yolk oils were oleic acid (18 : 1) and palmitic acid (16 : 0). The contents of both fatty acids reached maximum at the first or second week and decreased at the third week. DHA was detected from 4 kinds of eggs stored for 2 or 3 weeks. The n-6/n-3 ratio was obtained under recommended intake range in fresh gamgoal egg and in general and DHA eggs stored far 0~3 weeks. For 3 weeks, polyunsaturated fatty acid / monounsaturated fatty acid/ saturated fatty acid (P/M/S) ratio of DHA e99 did not chance, but that of ginseng e99 gradually increased. The P/M/S ratio was generally maintained under recommended intake range in general egg stored for 3 weeks, in ginseng egg stored for 2 weeks and in DHA egg during all the storage period.