• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.10-13
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• 2021

The method of removing micro-plastics from sea water has been developed using electro-magnetic force. Plastics are difficult to decompose and put a great load on the marine environment. Especially a plastic with a size of 5 mm or less is defined as micro-plastic and are carried by ocean currents over long distances, causing global pollution. These are not easily decomposed in the natural environment. The Lorentz force was generated in simulated sea water and its reaction force was applied to the micro-plastic to control their motion. Lorentz force was generated downward and the reaction force to the plastics was upward. The plastic used in the experiment was polystyrene with a diameter of 6 mm, and the density was 1.07 g/cm³. The polystyrene sphere levitated at the current density of 0.83 A/cm² and the external field of 0.87T. The particle trajectory calculation was also made to design separation system using superconducting magnet.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1534-1538
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• 2011

Uniform, hollow nanosilica spheres were prepared by the chemical coating of cationic polystyrene (cPS) with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), followed by calcination at 600 $^{\circ}C$ under air. cPS was synthesized by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization using 2,2'-azobis (2-methyl propionamidine) dihydrochloride as the cationic initiator, and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) as a stabilizer. The resulting cPS spheres were 280 nm in diameter, and showed monodispersion. After coating, the hollow silica product was spherically shaped, and 330 nm in diameter, with a narrow distribution of sizes. Dispersion was uniform. Wall thickness was 25 nm, and surface area was 96.4 $m^2/g$, as determined by BET. The uniformity of the wall thickness was strongly dependent upon the cPS surface charge. The effects of TEOS and ammonia concentrations on shape, size, wall thickness, and surface roughness of hollow $SiO_2$ spheres were investigated. We observed that the wall thicknesses of hollow $SiO_2$ spheres increased and that silica size was simultaneously enhanced with increases in TEOS concentrations. When ammonia concentrations were increased, the irregularity of rough surfaces and aggregation of spherical particles were more severe because higher concentrations of ammonia result in faster hydrolysis and condensation of TEOS. These changes caused the silica to grow faster, resulting in hollow $SiO_2$ spheres with irregular, rough surfaces.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.151-155
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• 2012

In the present study, we synthesized mesoporous silica hollow spheres with different wall thickness using polystyrene (PS) spheres as a structure template, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as a silica source, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a template. Particle size and dispersion of PS spheres were strongly depended on the concentration of surfactant in the aqueous solutions. The size of PS spheres was increased with decreasing concentration of surfactants. Dispersion of PS particle was improved when the surfactant concentration was lower than 0.5 g of surfactant.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.49-54
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• 2010

This paper presents apparent thermal conductivity of various powder at different vacuum levels for cryogenic insulation. Four kinds of powder insulator are examined by using boil-off calorimetry at pressure range from 50 Torr to 3 mTorr. The first material is perlite which is widely used in cryogenic application. Microsphere is the second one that is recently proposed as a replacement powder for liquid hydrogen storage tanks. It is a hollow sphere made of silica with the diameter in the order of 10 to $100{\mu}m$. Popped rice and polystyrene beads are also selected as candidates for powder insulation even though they are polymers. With their porous elliptic and spherical configuration and light density, they demonstrate fairly good thermal insulation performance at pressure range from 50 Torr to 3 mTorr. According to the experimental investigation in this paper, microsphere and polystyrene beads possess promising insulation characteristic as powder insulators and further study is desired.

• Applied Science and Convergence Technology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.254-260
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• 2014

Organic solar cells have attracted extensive attention as a promising approach for cost-effective photovoltaic devices. However, organic solar cell has disadvantage of low power conversion efficiency in comparison with other type of solar cell, due to the recombination ratio of hole and electron is too large in the active layer. Thus we have change the surface structure of PEDOT:PSS layers to improve the current density by colloidal lithography method using various-size of polystyrene sphere. The two types of coating method were applied to fabricate the different pattern shape and height, such as spin coating and drop casting. Using the organic solvent, we easily eliminate the PS sphere and could make the varied pattern shapes by controlling the wet etching time. Also we have measured the electrical properties of patterned PEDOT:PSS film to check whether it is suitable for organic photovoltaics.

• Proceedings of the Korea Crystallographic Association Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.56-56
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• 2002

100 nm 이하의 구형입자를 짧은 시간에 정확히 측정할 수 있는 기술을 개발하기 위하여 하전된 입자를 전기장내에 투입한 후 이의 이동도를 측정하였다. 100 nm의 표준 입자를 초순수에 분산시킨 후 Collison atomizer를 이용하여 입자를 공기중에 분산시켰다. 이후 입자를 건조시킨 후 입자의 분산과정에서 하전된 입자를 방사능 전기 중화장치를 통과시켜 입자의 하전을 기저상태로 만들었다. 이 후 입자를 전기 이동도 측정장치에 투입한 후 전기 이동도 측정장치의 유량과 전압을 조절하면서 입자의 크기를 측정하였다.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.485-489
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• 2009

The temperature dependence of the structure of micelles formed by a deuterated polystyrene-poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer (dPS-PEO) in heavy water were investigated with small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). SANS data were analyzed using the hard-sphere structure factor in combination with the form factor of a core-shell model. The micelle aggregation number and corona radius were obtained from the fits to the SANS data. The micelle aggregation numbers varied with temperature from 229 at $25^{\circ}C$ to 240 at $45^{\circ}C$, with a corresponding increase in the core radius. However, the shell thickness of micelles decreased with increasing temperature from 6.2 to 5.8 nm. These structural changes of micelles might be ascribed to the decrease in the hydration volume per hydrophilic group in the corona because of the increase in hydrophobicity of the PEO block with increasing temperature.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.362-367
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• 1998

Center Distance Finding (CDF) is a technique to find the sphere diameter by measuring the distance between two contacting spheres. The focal spots of the sphere clusters are formed in the back-focal plane by the transmission-mode optical microscope with the pseudothermal illumination source. Digital images taken by the CCD camera were processed by the software called Global Lab Image. The centers of the focal spots are found and the spot positions are expressed in terms of the CCD pixel elements, whose coordinate are calibrated by a heterodyne interferometer. The new CDF measurement system has been developed, which are more advantageous in time and convenience than the existing system, while the measurement uncertainly remains sufficient for its use as a magnification standard for optical microscopy. Two kinds of polystyrene spheres whose nominal diameters 3 and 10 $\mu\textrm{m}$ (NIST SRM 1962 and 1960) are measured with the uncertainly less than 1% at the confidence level of 99%, and the results are compared with the results of National Institute of Standards and Technology.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.518-522
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• 2003

We fabricated polymeric hollow spheres having macropores, which combine the advantageous properties of porous materials and hollow spheres. To fabricate such spheres, a polystyrene/methylmethacrylate solution was dispersed in water by vigorously stirring and then the suspension was quenched using liquid nitrogen. Water and methyl methacrylate present in the quenched suspension were readily sublimated by freeze-drying. Conclusively, the hollow-sphere structure and the macropores of its shell were created by the processes of liquid nitrogen-quenching and sublimation of methyl methacrylate domains within the shell, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Crystallographic Association Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.57-57
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• 2002

100 nm 이하의 입자의 크기와 모양을 정확하게 측정할 수 있는 기술개발을 위하여 투과형 전자현미경(TEM)으로 100 nm 지름의 폴리스티렌구의 평균지름을 측정하였다. 기기 표시 배율과 엣지결정불확도에 의한 크기측정오차를 최소화하기 위하여, 지름이 정확히 알려진 300 nm 입자를 내부 기준자로 쓰기 위하여 100 nm 입자와 섞었다. 100 nm 입자들의 지름은 동일한 TEM 필름상의 300 nm 입자와의 비교를 통하여 얻어졌다. 전자빔에 의한 입자축소효과의 보정을 위하여, 가속전압, 빔세기, 그리고 노출시간이 축소량에 미치는 정량적 관계를 조사하고 분석하였다. 그러한 분석과 몇가지 데이터 처리과정에 기초하여, 100 nm 폴리스티렌구의 평균지름을 95 ％ 신뢰수준에서 확장불확도 2 ％로 결정하였다. 측정값은 동일한 쌤플에 대하여, 다른 방법을 사용하는 다른 실험실들과의 결과와도 일치하고 있다.