• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2022

Natural habitats of the Korean long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) have been fragmented by anthropogenic activities in South Korea in the last decades. Here, the individual identity, genetic variation, and population differentiation of the endangered species were examined via the multiple-tube approach using a non-invasive genotyping method. The average number of alleles was 3.16 alleles/locus for the total population. The Yanggu population (1.66) showed relatively lower average number of alleles than the Inje population (3.67). Of the total 19 alleles, only seven (36.8%) alleles were shared by the two populations. Using five polymorphic out of six loci, four and six different goral individuals from the captive Yanggu (n=24) and the wild Inje (n=28) population were identified, respectively. The allele distribution was not identical between the two populations (Fisher's exact test: P<0.01). A considerably low migration rate was detected between the two populations (no. of migrants after correction for size=0.294). Additionally, the F statistics results indicated significant population differentiation between them, however, quite low (F_ST=0.327, P<0.01). The posterior probabilities indicated that the two populations originated from a single panmictic population (P=0.959) and the assignment test results designated all individuals to both populations with nearly equal likelihood. These could be resulted from moderate population differentiation between the populations. No significant evidence supported recent population bottleneck in the total Korean goral population. This study could provide us with useful population genetic information for conservation and management of the endangered species.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2005

Objective: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is reserved for couples with a risk of transmitting a serious and incurable disease, and hence avoids the undesirable therapeutic abortion. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of PGD for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) cases by the fluorescent PCR with polymorphic linked markers and the conventional duplex-nested PCR methods. Methods: Biopsy of one or two blastomeres was done from the embryos fertilized by ICSI on the third day after fertilization. We performed two cases of PGD-DMD by the duplex-nested PCR for the causative mutation loci and the SRY gene on Y chromosome. The triplex fluorescent PCR for the mutation loci, the SRY gene and the polymorphic microsatellite marker on X chromosome was applied for two cases of PGD-DMD. Results: By the duplex-nested PCR, successful diagnosis rate was 95.5% (21/22), but we could not discriminate the female embryos whether normal or carrier in this X-linked recessive disease. However, the triplex fluorescent PCR method showed 100% (27/27) of successful diagnosis rate, and all female embryos (n=17) were distinguished normal (n=10) from carrier (n=7) embryos. Unaffected and normal embryos were transferred into mother's uterus after diagnosis. A healthy normal male was achieved after PGD with the duplex-nested PCR method and a twin, a male and a female, were delivered with triplex fluorescent PCR method. The normality of dystrophin gene was confirmed by amniocentesis and postnatal genetic analysis in all offsprings. Conclusion: The fluorescent PCR with polymorphic marker might be useful in improving the specificity and reliability of PGD for single gene disorders.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.626-631
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• 2006

밀양 토종개의 일반적인 특징을 구명할 수 있는 기초자료를 확보하고자 밀양 토종개 44두를 대상으로 형태학적 특징 및 microsatellite DNA형의 유전적 다양성의 출현빈도에 기초한 유전적인 특징을 조사한 결과 밀양 토종개의 체고는 43-55 cm(평균 49.5 cm)로서 수캐는 44-55 cm(평균 50.3 cm), 암캐는 43-52 cm(평균 48.1 cm)로 나타났고 체장은 45-60 cm(평균 54.3 cm)로서 수캐는 45-60 cm(평균 55.9 cm), 암캐는 45-57 cm(평균 52.6 cm)였다. 또한 가슴둘레는 수캐가 51-64 cm(평균 59.2 cm), 암캐는 50-62 cm(평균 56.3 cm)로 측정되었다. 머리의 형태는 정면에서 보았을 때 44두 모두에서 역삼각형 형태를 가지고 있었으며, 눈의 모양은 삼각형 형태가 40두(90.9%)였고 초승달 모양이 4두(9.1%)로 관찰되었다. 모색은 백색이 41두(93.2%), 황색이 3두(6.8%)로 나타나 두 색깔을 가지고 있었다. 혀와 발톱의 색깔은 전 두수에서 각각 연분홍색과 분홍색이 관찰되었고 항문의 색깔은 연한 흑색이 40두(90.9%), 연분홍색이 4두(9.1%)로 나타났다. 그리고 귀의 형태는 전 두수가삼각형의 곧게 서 있는 형태였으며, 꼬리의 형태는 반말린 꼬리가 25두(56.8%)로 가장 많았고 선꼬리(장대꼬리)가 15두(34.1%), 말린 꼬리가 4두(9.1%)로 나타났다. 15개의 marker로 분석한 microsatellite DNA 다형의 유전자 빈도에 기초하여 heterozygosity, PIC 그리고 PE를 분석한 결과 대립유전자의 수는 $2{\sim}14$개(평균 6.13개)로 검출되었으며 expected heterozygosity와 PIC는 각각 $0.455{\sim}0.863$ (평균 0.635), $0.348{\sim}\;0.837$(평균 0.570)으로 나타났고 PEZ 10, PEZ 13, PEZ 17, FHC 2054의 marker는 PIC 0.7이상으로 관찰되었다. PE 1은 $0.101{\sim}\;0.548$으로서 15개 marker를 조합시 0.9895, PE 2는 $0.174{\sim}\;0.710$으로서 전체 조합시 0.9996으로 나타났다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.501-505
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• 1999

Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis, is primarily expressed in serotonergic neurons of the raphe nuclei. Simple tandem repeat polymorphisms, typically one to four nucleotides long, are tandemly repeated several times and often characterized by many alleles. To identify the presence of polymorphic repeats, we sequenced the 5'-upstream region of the mouse TPH gene. For the detection of any allelic variants, polymerase chain reaction, nonisotopic single-strand conformation polymophism, and DNA sequencing analyses of the tandem repeat sequences were performed using genomic DNA extracted from 60 ICR mice. Two dinucleotide repeats, $5'-(AC/TG)_{22}-3'$ and $5'-(GT/CA)_{17}3',$ were identified at approximately - 5.7 kb and - 3.4 kb upstream from the transcriptional initiation site of the mouse TPH gene, respectively. Minor allelic variants, $5'-(AC/TG)_{21}-3'$ and $5'-(GT/CA)_{18}-3',$ were observed in heterozygous pairs from 3 of 60 and 1 of 60 ICR mice, respectively. The identification of these microsatellites in the mouse TPH promoter raises the possibility that identical and/or other polymorphic sequences might exist in the upstream region of the human TPH gene.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.158-164
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• 2019

Molecular characterization of different genotypes reveals accurate information about the degree of genetic diversity that helps to develop a proper breeding program. In this study, a total of 30 EST-based simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers derived from trumpet lily (Lilium longiflorum) were used across 11 native lily species for their genetic relationship. Among these 30 markers, 24 SSR markers that showed polymorphism were used for evaluation of diversity spectrum. The allelic number at per locus ranged from 1 at SSR2 locus to 34 alleles at SSR15 locus, with an average of 11.25 alleles across 24 loci observed. The polymorphic information content, PIC, values ranged from 0.0523 for SSR9 to 0.9919 for SSR2 in all 24 loci with an average of 0.3827. The allelic frequency at every locus ranged from 0.81% at SSR2 locus to 99.6% at SSR14 locus. The pairwise genetic dissimilarity coefficient revealed the highest genetic distance with a value of 81.7% was in between L. dauricum and L. amabile. A relatively closer genetic distance was found between L. lancifolium and L. dauricum, L. maximowiczii and L. concolor, L. maximowiczii and L. distichum (Jeju), L. tsingtauense and L. callosum, L. cernuum and L. distichum (Jeju ecotype), of which dissimilarity coefficient was 50.0%. The molecular fingerprinting based on microsatellite marker could serve boldly to recognize genetically distant accessions and to sort morphologically close as well as duplicate accessions.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

최근, 한국의 소비자들이 건강에 대한 관심이 증가하면서 단일불포화 지방산이 풍부해 건강에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있는 오리고기의 수요가 급격하게 증가하고 있다. 하지만 대부분의 종 오리는 수입에 의존하고 있는 실정이기 때문에, 토종오리의 개발 및 보급이 필요한 실정이며, 이는 종자주권의 확립 및 농가 소득 증대에도 매우 필요한 일이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 24개의 microsatellite 마커를 확보하였으며, 이들 마커의 대립유전자수는 1~16개, 이형접합도는 0~0.865, 다형성은 0~0.841로 확인되었다. 이들 마커를 이용하여 임의 집단에서 동일개체 출현빈도를 계산한 결과는 임의 집단 $1.64{\times}10^{-16}$, 전형매 집단 $2.60{\times}10^{-7}$, 반형매 집단 $1.30{\times}10^{-12}$으로 높은 개체식별률과 친자확인도를 확인할 수 있었다. 하지만 이들 마커를 이용한 계통분석 결과, 토종오리와 실용오리 집단을 정확하게 구분하기에는 어려운 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 추가연구를 통해 토종오리의 순종화 및 더 정확한 토종오리와 실용오리 집단 구분이 가능한 마커 개발이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.613-619
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• 2005

Indigenous Yakutian cattle' adaptation to the hardest subarctic conditions makes them a valuable genetic resource for cattle breeding in the Siberian area. Since early last century, crossbreeding between native Yakutian cattle and imported Simmental and Kholmogory breeds has been widely adopted. In this study, variations at 22 polymorphic microsatellite loci in 5 populations of Yakutian, Kholmogory, Simmental, Yakutian-Kholmogory and Yakutian-Simmental cattle were analysed to estimate the genetic contribution of Yakutian cattle to the two hybrid populations. Three statistical approaches were used: the weighted least-squares (WLS) method which considers all allele frequencies; a recently developed implementation of a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method called likelihood-based estimation of admixture (LEA); and a model-based Bayesian admixture analysis method (STRUCTURE). At population-level admixture analyses, the estimate based on the LEA was consistent with that obtained by the WLS method. Both methods showed that the genetic contribution of the indigenous Yakutian cattle in Yakutian-Kholmogory was small (9.6% by the LEA and 14.2% by the WLS method). In the Yakutian-Simmental population, the genetic contribution of the indigenous Yakutian cattle was considerably higher (62.8% by the LEA and 56.9% by the WLS method). Individual-level admixture analyses using STRUCTURE proved to be more informative than the multidimensional scaling analysis (MDSA) based on individual-based genetic distances. Of the 9 Yakutian-Simmental animals studied, 8 showed admixed origin, whereas of the 14 studied Yakutian-Kholmogory animals only 2 showed Yakutian ancestry (>5%). The mean posterior distributions of individual admixture coefficient (q) varied greatly among the samples in both hybrid populations. This study revealed a minor existing contribution of the Yakutian cattle in the Yakutian-Kholmogory hybrid population, but in the Yakutian-Simmental hybrid population, a major genetic contribution of the Yakutian cattle was seen. The results reflect the different crossbreeding patterns used in the development of the two hybrid populations. Additionally, molecular evidence for differences among individual admixture proportions was seen in both hybrid populations, resulting from the stochastic process in crossing over generations.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.637-643
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• 2020

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is one of the world's most valuable medicinal plants with numerous pharmacological effects. Ginseng has been cultivated from wild mountain ginseng collections for a few hundred years. However, the genetic diversity of cultivated and wild ginseng populations is not fully understood. Methods: We developed 92 polymorphic microsatellite markers based on whole-genome sequence data. We selected five markers that represent clear allele diversity for each of their corresponding loci to elucidate genetic diversity. These markers were applied to 147 individual plants, including cultivars, breeding lines, and wild populations in Korea and neighboring countries. Results: Most of the 92 markers displayed multiple-band patterns, resulting from genome duplication, which causes confusion in interpretation of their target locus. The five high-resolution markers revealed 3 to 8 alleles from each single locus. The proportion of heterozygosity (H_e) ranged from 0.027 to 0.190, with an average of 0.132, which is notably lower than that of previous studies. Polymorphism information content of the markers ranged from 0.199 to 0.701, with an average of 0.454. There was no statistically significant difference in genetic diversity between cultivated and wild ginseng groups, and they showed intermingled positioning in the phylogenetic relationship. Conclusion: Ginseng has a relatively high level of genetic diversity, and cultivated and wild groups have similar levels of genetic diversity. Collectively, our data demonstrate that current breeding populations have abundant genetic diversity for breeding of elite ginseng cultivars.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.5.1-5.8
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• 2015

Background: Korean native chicken (KNC) is a well-known breed due to its superior meat taste. This breed, however, owing to a low growth rate, has a high market price. In order to overcome this disadvantage, the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) in Korea developed a commercial KNC breed, named Woorimatdag version 2 (WM2), an upgraded version of the Woorimatdag (WM1) breed and the WM2 was created by crossing the KNC with meat type breeds. This study aims to discriminate between WM2 and other chicken breeds using microsatellite (MS) markers. Methods: A total of 302 individuals from eight Korean chicken populations were examined. The genetic diversity and population structure analysis were investigated using Cervus, API-CALC, STRUCTURE, PowerMarker programs. Results: Based on heterozygosity and polymorphic information content (PIC) values, 30 MS markers were initially selected from 150 markers. The identified average number of alleles (Na), expected heterozygosity, and PIC values for the WM2 samples were 7.17, 0.741, and 0.682, respectively. Additionally, the paternity of individuals was assigned with a success rate of greater than 99% using 12 markers, the best minimum number of markers. The 12 selected markers contained heterozygosity and PIC values above 0.7 and probability of identity values around zero. Using these markers, the determined probability of identity (PI), $PI_{half-sibs}$, and $PI_{sibs}$ values were 3.23E-33, 5.03E-22, and 8.61E-08, respectively. Conclusions: WM2 is well differentiated with respect to other chicken breeds based on estimated genetic distances. The results presented here will contribute to the identification of commercial WM2 chicken in the market.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.475-480
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• 2010

The bovine fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) plays an important role to uptake intracellular fatty acid. It has been previously reported as a positional candidate gene for marbling score in livestock. The re-sequencing of FABP4 gene detected a polymorphic AT repeated sequence in intron II of FABP4 gene. Allelic distribution for this microsatellite marker was examined in other cattle breeds. A total of 8 alleles were detected with diverse repeat units (14 to 21 AT repeat) in Hanwoo and 7 breeds. Of the 8 alleles, the predominant alleles were $[AT]_{16}$, $[AT]_{18}$ and $[AT]_{19}$ in the Hanwoo and 7 cattle breeds. The linear mixed model for genotypic effect (3237AT) on carcass traits showed a significant effect on marbling score (MAR P=0.025) and live weight (LWT; P=0.04) in the 583 Hanwoo cattle population. Live weight (LW) was highest in the homozygous $(AT)_{17}$ genotype ($557.5{\pm}6.94$) and lowest in the heterozygous $(AT)_{16/17}$ genotype ($521.7{\pm}7.70$). On the other hand, the homozygous $(AT)_{17}$ genotype ($3.0{\pm}0.15$) has the highest effect on marbling score and the lowest effect was in homozygous (AT)$_{18}$ genotype ($2.2{\pm}0.15$). The marbling score difference between both groups was 0.8 which is around two times higher than SNP genotype effect on marbling score in Limousin $\times$ Wagyu crosses.