• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.225-233
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• 2007

Road runoff water is one of the non-point sources (NPSs) of pollution negatively influencing drinking water source. Numerous road runoff NPS waters have been studied for over the last decade. However, the sources of pollution can be conditional, seasonal, or accidental. Therefore, measurement of pollutant loadings in different site is necessary to estimate the effect of road runoff water. The objective of this study was to examine the quality of road runoff water from a city bridge in Seoul, Korea. This study was conducted for two years to assess annual discharge pollution loads. In this study, key water quality parameters including chemical oxygen demand ($COD_{Cr}$), biochemcial oxygen demand ($BOD_5$), total nitrogen (T-N), total phosphorus (T-P), and suspended solid (SS) were measured at 18 different events. The results showed that typically the pollutant concentrations are higher at the beginning of each event and decrease afterwards. The first 20% of the volume of the runoff from each event is transporting 46% ($COD_{Cr}$), 48% ($BOD_5$), 50% (T-N), 34% (T-P), 30% (SS), respectively. The event mean concentrations (EMCs) were $COD_{Cr}$ (199 mg/L), $BOD_5$ (41.2 mg/L), T-N (7.97 mg/L), T-P (0.42 mg/L) and SS (113 mg/L). Although the results were consistent with the previous study (Barbosa and Hvitved-Jacobsen, 1999), $COD_{Cr}$, $BOD_5$, T-N exhibit a stronger first flush effect compared to the other contaminants.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.977-986
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• 2011

This study analyzed the characteristics of stormwater runoff in the orchard areas and quantitatively estimated effluence of nonpoint source pollutants for the volume of runoff. Two target areas under vine cultivation were each $2,000m^2$ and $1,800m^2$, located in Gyeongju City. Since grape was the only crop on the target area, the characteristics of stormwater runoff at vineyard could be evaluated independently. A total of 51 rainfall events in the vineyard area during two years(2008-2009) was surveyed, and 19 of them became stormwater runoff, with rainfall ranging 16.5 - 79.7 mm and antecedent dry period of 1-13 days. The pollutant runoff loads by volume of stormwater runoff showed BOD ranging 19.5 - 45.3% in 30% of runoff volume. The average pollution discharge rate was 32.4%, indicating small first flush effect of BOD. The range of SS concentrations was 5 - 52.0% in 10% of runoff volume, showing the average 28.7% of discharge rate, about 3 times more than rainfall effluent. TOC and TN appeared to be similar to the results of BOD, the average discharge rate of 30.9% and 30.6% for TOC and TN, respectively, for 30% of stormwater runoff volume. Average discharge rate of COD and TP in the same runoff volume was 35.1% and 36%, respectively, showing comparatively high discharge ratio. As the targeted vineyard area was permeable land, the pollution load ratio against rainfall-runoff volume appeared to be 1:1, implying no strong first flush effect for all the survey items.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.825-837
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• 2011

Seonakdong river consists of stagnant sections whose flowrate is controlled by the Daejeo and Noksan gates. As a result, there is not a minimum flow during normal times. The Daejeo and Noksan gates are located at the upstream head and the downstream end of Seonakdong river, respectively. Seonakdong river is an estuarine tributary of Nakdong river, which is a reservoir-like river used for agricultural irrigation, with the gate at the estuary of the river to prevent the intrusion of saline. Since the construction of the water gates, the water quality of the river has become degraded. This could also be due to the internal loading of pollutants, especially nutrients, from the sediments of the river because of the elongated detention time by the water gates. This study was thus conducted for the purpose of evaluating the current hydrologic-cycle system and providing measures for the rehabilitation of the hydrologic cycle. In this research, the daily outflow in Seonakdong River was simulated using the SWAT and SWMM models, and the water quality concentration including BOD, SS, TN, and TP were analyzed. The possibility of the application of SWAT-SWMM hybrid simulation was determined through the verification of both models. The error analysis shows that the results of both SWAT and SWAT-SWMM simulations make good agreements with those of field observations. For the single simulation results of SWAT, $R^{2}$ and NSE are 0.758, 0.511, respectively. For the hybrid simulation results of SWAT-SWMM, those are 0.880, 0.452, which means that the hybrid simulation can give more accurate results for the watershed where both the agricultural and urban areas exist.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2007

마산만은 한국의 대표적인 반 폐쇄성 내만으로 유속이 느리며, 해수의 순환이 제한되어 입자물질의 침강이 주로 일어나고 있다. 특히, 육상기원 오염물질 유입은 환경오염문제를 일으켜, 부영양화, 적조, 저층 빈산소 현상 등의 문제가 빈번히 발생하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 생태계 모델을 이용하여, 이매패류를 포함하는 생태계 시스템에서 물질순환 과정의 계산을 수행하였으며, 여과식자인 이매패류에 의한 COD와 식물플랑크톤 같은 입자유기물질의 제거 효과도 계산하였다. 또한, 이매패류 양식장의 입식위치와 입식량을 산정하여, 생물학적 수질관리에 적용하고자 하였다. 모델결과에서, 최적 입식위치는 해양 물리적 과정을 참고로 하여 식물플랑크톤의 집적이 일어나는 곳을 선정하였으며, 최적 입식밀도는 35 개체/$m^{-3}$였고, 최적 입식 면적은 약 500 ha로 나타났다. 이매패류가 최적의 성장을 보인다고 가정하면, 육상부하의 삭감에 관한 노력 없이도 수중의 COD 농도의 18%의 개선효과가 나타났다.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2010

마산만유역의 창원시 수계에서 발생한 오염부하는 차집관로를 통하여 하수종말처리장으로 운반되거나 창원시 하천을 거쳐 봉암갯벌을 경유한 후 마산만으로 유입된다. 즉 마산만 하구 갯벌인 봉암갯벌은 도심에 위치하여 있고 민관산학의 협력으로 보존되어 생태학습장으로 이용되는 귀중한 갯벌이다. 특히 최근 몇 년 동안 조개류, 어류와 물새 등 다양한 생물이 관찰되고 있으며 우리나라 최초의 마산만특별관리해역 연안오염총량관리의 중심 지역에 해당한다. 1970년에 시작한 창원기계공업단지의 가동으로 마산만의 하구와 내만은 중금속으로 오염되었음이 보고되었다. 봉암갯벌의 저서생물의 서식지인 퇴적물에 존재하는 잔류성이 강한 주요 중금속 오염물질의 변화를 분석하였다. 아연, 구리, 납이 오염퇴적물 기준의 상위 기준 또는 심한 오염 기준을 초과하였고 인근 지점 별로도 95% 신뢰구간에서 차이를 보였다. 2006년과 2009년의 자료를 비교할 때 모든 중금속 농도가 점차 감소하고 있었다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.5-12
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• 2001

항로유지 및 오염해역준설로 인하여 항만에서 발생하는 준설토를 재활용하는 방안 연구의 일환으로 준설토의 물리적인 특성 및 오염도 특성 분석을 수행했다. 대상 항만은 군산항, 고현항, 삼천포항, 포항항이었으며, 유지준설토를 현지에서 채취하여 용출실험에 이용했다. 실내실험결과, 준설토의 비중은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 입도분포는 군산항, 삼천포항, 고현항은 실트질 및 굴패각 성분이 대부분이고, 포항항의 경우는 자갈성분이 많은 것으로 파악되었다. 한편, 군산항 준설토는 금강유역에서 배출되는 오염부하의 영향으로 COD 용출농도 및 강열감량이 크게 나타났으며, 영양염류 용출농도도 타 항만에 비하여 큰 값을 보이고 있다. 중금속 용출농도는 Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu 항목에 대하여 각각 고현항, 군산항, 삼천포항, 군산항이 가장 큰 값을 보이고 있어 항목별로 오염도가 다양한 양상을 보이고 있다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.569-575
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• 2015

The current Total Pollution Load Control (TPLC) sets the Target Water Quality (TWQ) by utilizing the delivery ratio, unit loads, and water quality modeling, it also allocates the watershed's permitted discharge load. Currently, common target pollutants of every unit watershed in TPLC are BOD and T-P. This study has reviewed the 1th and 2th of TWQ setting process for the Nakdong River 3th TWQ setting in Total Pollution Load Control (TPLC). As a result of review, 1th and 2th were divided into one management basin (mulgeum) for setting management goals. However, 3th was divided into six management basins (mulgeum, gnagjeong, geumho river, nam river, miryang river, end of nakdong river). The principle of management goal setting were to achieve the objective criteria of Medium Areas for the linkage of the water environment management policy. And Anti-Degredation (principle of preventing deterioration) were applied to the 3th TWQ. Also, additional indicators were considered in accordance with the reduction scenarios for the final management goals.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.531-537
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• 2017

The biologic Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a reliable and generally accepted indicator of water pollution by organic pollutants. Accordingly, estimation of BOD export from paddies carries important implications fwith regard to water management in rural areas. In this study, hydrology and BOD concentration were monitored during the period 2008 through 2012, in an effort to understand the characteristics of BOD export from paddy fields. The findings demonstrated that BOD load by rainfall above 50 mm. occupied about 50 % of total load, whereas the load by less than ten mm. rainfall occupied about 29 % of the total load during periods of stormy activity. It therefore seems that it could be possible to reduce the BOD load up to 29 % during storm periods, when drainage control conducted for rainfall less than ten mm.(an amount which is relatively easy to manage). The documented mean loads of storm and non-storm were $17.1kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ and $11.2kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$, respectively. The BOD load during the significant rainfall period was similar to the renewed unit load by NIER (2014). However, there were substantial differences between unit load and actual load when the non-storm load was incorporated into the BOD load estimation from paddy fields. In view of the foregoing, it is felt that, the non-storm load needs to be further considered and managed for the successful implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2010년도 학술발표회
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• pp.1079-1083
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• 2010

하절기에 집중되는 강우로 인해 국내의 경우 저수지와 댐 건설이 불가피 하였으며, 이들 구조물에 의한 수체의 거동 및 수질의 분포 또한 일반 하천과는 다른 특성을 지니고 있다. 특히, 흐름 방향보다 수심 방향으로의 특성이 강하게 작용하는 호소에서는 3차원 수리 수질 모델링을 적용함으로써 모의 결과에 대한 신뢰성을 높일 수 있다. 하천의 발원지로서의 댐(저수지)과 하천과 하천사이에 위치한 저수지의 특성이 다르며, 하천 사이에 위치한 저수지의 경우, 하천과 하천을 이어주며 그 흐름특성과 수질의 분포 및 변화의 양상의 바뀐다는 점에서 독립적이며, 연계되는 구조의 특징을 동시에 반영할 수 있어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 낙동강에 위치한 남강댐(진양호)를 중심으로 연구를 진행하였으며, 안동댐 등처럼 하천의 발원지가 아닌 하천과 하천 사이에 위치한 호소(댐)으로 이와 같은 특징을 반영하여 수질오염총량관리제에서의 목표수질 달성여부와 점 및 비점오염원에서 발생되는 오염부하량의 변화에 따른 저수지 내의 수리 수질 모의를 EFDC-WASP의 연계 모델을 통해 연구하고자 하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권10호
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• pp.873-885
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• 2019

In this study, a load duration curve was applied to the Jangseongcheon, one of the tributaries of the Yeongsan River, to assess whether the target water quality was achieved. In addition, pollution of the water body was investigated to develop and suggest the optimal management time with respect to polluted flow sections and monthly conditions. The average flow rates of sections JS1 and JS2 were $0.25m^3/s$ and $1.08m^3/s$, respectively. The BOD and T-P for water-quality standards at JS1 were rated at II, whereas the COD and TOC were rated at III, thus indicating a fair level of water quality. By contrast, the BOD at JS2 was rated at III, the T-P at IV, and the TOC at V, indicating poor water quality in this section. The load duration curve was plotted using the actual flow data measured in eight-day intervals for eight years from 2011 to 2018 at locations JS1 and JS2 in the Jangsungcheon Basin. In an assessment using the load duration curve on whether the target water quality was met at location JS1, all of the water quality parameters (BOD, COD, TOC, T-N, T-P, and SS) satisfied the target water quality. By contrast, at location JS2, parameters COD, TOC, T-N, and T-P exceeded target values by more than 50%, indicating the target water quality was not met. The discharge loads of locations JS1 and JS2 were analyzed to identify the reasons the target water quality was exceeded. Results revealed that the land system contributed considerably. Furthermore, the discharge load of JS2 accounted for more than 80% of the load on the entire basin, excluding that of JS1. Therefore, the best method for restraining the inflow of pollutants into the stream near location JS2 must be applied to manage the water quality of the Jangsungcheon.