• 한국농공학회논문집
• /
• 제52권6호
• /
• pp.75-83
• /
• 2010

The objective of this paper is to study the discharge characteristics of pollutant loads in small watershed according to probability rainfall using the Hydrologic Simulation Program-Fortran (WinHSPF). The subwatershed of Gosam reservoir watershed in Gyeonggido province was simulated and the probability rainfall of study area was estimated by recurrence interval and duration. The probability rainfalls are 156.5, 205.9 and 277.4 mm for 6 hrs, 12 hrs and 24 hrs in 10 year frequency, and each probability rainfalls is distributed by Huff's 4th quantiles method and applied to HSPF. The pollutant loads were high for initial rainfall. The concentrations of TN, TP and BOD were high as rainfall duration is shorter and rainfall intensity is higher.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제23권6호
• /
• pp.913-919
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to develop a model equation to estimate the delivered point and nonpoint pollutant loads, which are critical factor to determine the water quality of watersheds. The model equation was developed by considering various factors such as biological removal and delivered distance of pollutants, basin shape and geomorphic runoff condition. The parameters for the model equation were estimated in 3 periods, which are October to March, April to June, and July to September. As a parameter, ${\alpha}_p$, ${\alpha}_n$, ${\beta}$, a and b for $BOD_5$-delivered pollutant loads were estimated to be 0.010~0.0155, 0.051, -0.033, 0.018~0.050 and 0.93, respectively. For T-N, ${\alpha}_p$, ${\alpha}_n$, ${\beta}$ a and b were estimated to be 0.0060~0.0140, 0.014, -0.02, 0.044~0.079 and 0.93, respectively. The same parameters for T-P were estimated to be 0.0160, 0.014, -0.0250, 0.015 and 1.21, respectively. The relationship, $E^2$ (Model efficiency), between observed and calculated delivered pollutant loads showed 0.65 for $BOD_5$, 0.81 for T-N, and 0.66 for T-P, respectively. Consequently, the model equation is effective to estimate delivered pollutant loads for TMDL.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.543-549
• /
• 2008

Human activities and land-use practices are intensely widening the urban areas. High impervious surface areas cover much of urban landscapes and are the primary pollutant sources which can lead to water quality and habitat degradation in its watershed. As the urban areas expand, transportation land-use such as parking lots, roads, service areas, toll-gates in highways and bridges also increase. These land-uses are significant in urban pollution due to high imperviousness rate and vehicular activities. To regulate the environmental impacts and to improve the water quality of rivers and lakes, the Ministry of Environment (MOE) in Korea developed the Total Pollution Load Management System (TPLMS) program. The main objective is to lead the watershed for a low impact development. On a local scale, some urban land surfaces can be emitting more pollution than others. Consequently, in urban areas, the unit loads are commonly employed to estimate total pollutant loadings emitted from various land-uses including residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, open lands such as parks and golf courses, and other developed land like parking areas as a result of development. In this research, unit pollutant loads derived specifically from transportation land-uses (i.e. branched out from urban areas) will be provided. Monitoring was conducted over 56 storm events at nine monitoring locations during three years. Results for the unit pollutant loads of transportation land-use are determined to be $399.5kg/km^2-day$ for TSS, $12.3kg/km^2-day$ for TN and $2.46kg/km^2-day$ for TP. The values are higher than those of urban areas in Korean MOE and US highways. These results can be used by MOE to separate the pollutant unit load of transportation landuses from urban areas.

• 한국측량학회지
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.381-392
• /
• 2011

본 연구는 하천 유역에 대한 수문분석의 대표적인 요소인 유출량과 오염부하량을 추정하는데 있어서 기존의 수문학적 모델링 방법과는 달리 GIS분석기법을 적용하였다. 분석을 위한 기본 자료로는 토양도, 토지이용도, 수계도, 강수량 등의 유역형태 및 기상학적 특성을 정량화한 지리정보자료와 수치표고모형과 같은 지형 자료를 이용하였다. 토양, 토지 이용 인자에 대한 기준값으로는 미국토양보존국(SCS)에서 제시하고 있는 토양 분류 기준 및 유출곡선지수(CN)와 환경부에서 제시하고 있는 토양의 기대평균농도(EMC)를 적용하였다. 고흥군 고읍천 유역의 2010년 7월~8윌의 9개 강우사상에 대하여 유출량 및 오염부하량의 추정값과 실측값을 비교한 결과, 유출량은 평균 3.86%의 차이를 갖으며, 오염부하량은 평균 5.67%의 차이를 갖는 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 각 강우사상별 분석결과 추정 유출량은 강우량이 적을수록 그 오차가 매우 커지며, 추정 오염부하량은 강우량 및 계절의 변화에 따라 오차량에 차이가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 향후 우리나라의 토양 및 토지이용에 적합한 배수 분류기준과 지역별 특성을 고려한 기대평균농도가 제시된다면 보다 정확한 유출량 및 오염부하량의 추정이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Spatial Information Research
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.25-35
• /
• 2012

본 연구에서는 공간정보 자료원에 따른 수질특성의 영향을 비교하였다. 먼저, 비점오염부하량 평가에 영향을 미치는 토지피복별 기대평균농도(EMC)를 효과적으로 계산하기 위해, 영상분류를 통해 대청댐유역의 토지피복도를 구축하였으며, 이를 환경부 대분류 자료와 비교한 결과 88.76%의 높은 정확도를 확보하였다. 또한 토양도와 영상분류에 의한 토지피복도를 공간 중첩하여 유출곡선지수와 직접유출을 계산하였으며, 분석 결과 석천과 대청댐 유역이 가장 높게 나타났다. 그리고 직접유출과 기대평균농도를 조합하여 계산한 BOD에 대한 비점오염부하량은 삼가천합류점과 소옥천하류 유역이 높게 나타났으며, TN과 TP에 대한 비점오염부하량에서는 삼가천합류점과 봉황천하류 유역이 높게 나타났다. 영상분류에 의한 비점오염부하량의 효용성 평가를 위해 환경부 토지피복도에 의한 비점오염부하량과 상호 비교한 결과, 대청댐상류 유역에서 BOD, TN, TP에 대한 오염부하량의 오차가 각각 10.64%, 11.70%, 20.00%로 가장 크게 나타났다. 따라서 유역내 수질특성을 효과적으로 모의하기 위해서는 논과 밭이 포함된 공간정보를 활용하는 것이 비점오염부하량 평가에 바람직하다고 본다.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제11권9호
• /
• pp.945-954
• /
• 2002

The objective okgf this study is understanding and evaluation of temporal and spatial variation of pollutant loads by input sources for water quality management in Kamak Bay. Flow rate of rivers and ditches ranges from about $2,592-63,072m^3/d$ in October to $864-55,296m^3/d$ in January. In particular, the R2 predominated flow rate among input sources. Total COD, BOD, DIN and DIP loadings in January were about 896kg/d, 718kg/d, 2,152kg/d, and 154kg/d, respectively, which exceeded those of October. Lower POC/TOC levels are estimated in R2, and also in October. Temporal variation of pollutant loads were closely related to the human activity. Total discharging loadings of BOD, TN and TP by unit loading estimation were 4,993.0kg/d, 2,558.7kg/d, and 289.2kg/d, respectively, and were mainly affected by the population. Runoff ratio of BOD was about 0.14 in January Mean $NH_4^＋_-N$ and $PO_4\;^{3-}-P$ loadings from sediment were 16.23mg/$m^2$/d and 7.26mg/$m^2$/d, respectively. For the improvement of water quality in this area, not only pollutant loads of rivers and ditches but also benthic flux from sediment should be reduced within the limits of the environmental capacity.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국농공학회 2005년도 학술발표논문집
• /
• pp.580-585
• /
• 2005

Natural environment of Weolgok-ri watershed has been well preserved as a traditional agricultural watershed. A year record of streamflow, $NO_3-N$, T-N and T-P concentrations data(Apr, 2004-Mar. 2005) was examined to estimate annual and seasonal patterns of pollutnat loads in streamflow and baseflow from the agriculture watershed. To estimate pollutant loads from baseflow, baseflow component from total stream flow was seperated using digital filter method in the Web-based Hydrograph Analysis Tool system. Loads of $NO_3-N$, T-N and T-P from streamflow and baseflow were evaluated to investigate pollutant loads contribution by baseflow. The $NO_3-N$, T-N, and T-P loads from streamflow were 13.85 kg/ha, 45.92 kg/ha and 1.887 kg/ha, respectively. $NO_3-N$, T-N and T-P loads from baseflow were 7.43 kg/ha, 24.70 kg/ha, 0.582 kg/ha, respectively. It was found that $NO_3-N$ and T-N loads were contributed by the baseflow(53% and 53% of Total-loads) than the direct runoff(47% and 47% of Total loads). However, only 30% of total T-P was contributed by the baseflow. It is recommended that one needs to assess pollutant load contribution by the baseflow to identify appropriate control strategies for effective watershed management.

• 한국관개배수논문집
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.181-193
• /
• 2007

The characteristics of non-point source pollutant loads in middle-stream of Nakdong River Were studied through analysis of pollutant loads of 8 sub-watersheds divided based on administrative district. The pollutant concentration of each sub-watershed was collected from Nakdong-River Water Research Institute and Daegu Regional Environmental Office, respectively. Pollution items analysed in this study were BOD, SS, T-N and T-P. High degree of non-point pollution was observed from Gumi, Goryeong, Gyeongsan, Daegu and Sungju, and pollution was usually increased during rainy season. This result indicates that a given pollution condition within the watershed can be more sensitive than location factor to the level of water quality. The main sources of non-point pollution were population and livestock, as well as landuse factor, and were found to significantly contribute to the water pollution. Alternative solutions for controlling pollution sources, therefore, should be provided to meet target levels of water quality in this region.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제44권6호
• /
• pp.124-136
• /
• 2002

A freshwater lake water quality management system(FLAQUM) was developed to help regional manager for the water quality of a rural basin. The integrated user interface system FLAQUM written in Visual Basic, includes three subsystems such as a database management system, basin pollutant loads simulation model using SWMM model and freshwater lake water quality simulation model using WASP5 model. Pollutant load simulation model was applied to simulate the discharge and pollutant loading from the watershed, and freshwater lake water quality model was applied to analyze the changes in water quality with respect to watershed pollutant loads, and this model could be used in planning to control watershed pollutant source for water quality management. Database management system was constructed fur all input and output data processing, and it can be used to analyze statistical characteristics using constructed data. Results are displayed both graph and text for convenience of user. The results of FLAQUM application to Boryeong freshwater lake showed that the lake was in eutrophic condition. The major contribution of pollution comes from tributary No.1 and No.4, which have a large number of livestock farms. Therefore, water quality management must be focused on appropriate management of the livestock farming in the two breanchs.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.212-220
• /
• 2009

In many studies, the Numeric Integration (NI) method has been widely used to calculate pollutant loads from the watershed because it is easy to apply. However, there have been many needs for more accurate pollutant loads estimation method with the restricted number of water quality samples. However, the ESTIMATOR model does not allow the users to define the regression model to explain the measured flow and water quality relationship, indicating the ESTIMATOR model is not flexible. The LOADEST model allows the user to choose the model type from 11 predefined general forms of regression equations. Annual loads of T-N and T-P with the LOADEST model were 0.70 times and 0.84 times of those by NI method, respectively. The coefficient of determination ($R^2$) of the LOADEST regression for the T-N and T-P were 0.92 and 0.72, respectively. This indicates that the load estimation regression model with the LOADEST for the study watershed explains the relationship between the observed flow and water quality data well reasonably well. Based on these findings, we suggest that the LOADEST model estimated regression equation could be used to estimate pollutant loads using the measured flow data for the study watershed.