• 한국양봉학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.125-129
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• 2019

Honey bees are important pollinators in agriculture, but are threatened by the pathogen Ascosphaera apis, which causes chalkbrood. Despite attempts to control this fungus using synthetic fungicides, none of them have been proven to be completely effective. Among 640 natural compounds that we tested, 4-hydroxyderricin (MIC=3.125, 6.25 mg/L after 24 h and 48 h growth, respectively) exhibited the strongest anti- Ascosphaera apis activity, followed by acetylshikonin (MIC=12.5 mg/L for 24 h and 48 h growth). 4-Hydroxyderricin showed selective growth inhibition of Ascosphaera apis and Rhizopus oryzae among tested fungus strains. Treatment 4-hydroxyderricin with miconazole revealed a synergistic effect (FICI=0.65±0.13 at 48 h incubation). These findings suggest that 4-hydroxyderricin, which has antifungal activity against Ascosphaera apis but few other fungal species, can effectively control infectious fungal diseases. Combined treatment of bees with 4-hydroxyderricin and miconazole could reduce cytotoxicity and improve the cost effectiveness of treatment.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.62-67
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• 1989

A breeding program in progress at Suweon Livestock Experiment Station, RDA, involves the hybridization of italian ryegrass (Lm) and several leading forage grasses in an effort to combine the nutritive, productivity and palatability qualities of Lm with the adaptive and cold resistance qual; .les of several leading grasses. In order to study the fate of the hybridization between remotely related species, immatured hybrid embryos were cultured on media. The emasculated plants of Lm were Sikem and Tetrone. Reweille, 2n=14, of perennial ryegrass (Lp.), Forager, 2n=42, of tall fescue(Fa), First, 2n=14,of meadow fescue(Fp), Potomac, 2n=28, of orchardgrass(Dg), and Richmond, 2n=42, of timothy(Ph.p) were used as pollinators. Embryos were isolated on 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 days after pollination and cultured them on modified Murashige and Skoog media. Calluses and plantlets have been obtained after 8 days old embryos crossing between $Lm{\times}Fa$, after 12 days embryos crossing between $Lm{\times}Lp$, Dg, and Ph.p, and after 16 days embryos crossing between $Lm{\times}Fp$. Both callus and shoot formation occurred on 6 % or less of the plated embryos of $Lm{\times}Fp$, Dg, and Ph.p. Embryoderived callus forming shoots have been obtained from 4 days old embryo crossing between $Lm{\times}Dg$ which has not successfully been done anywhere as far as we know. It means that hybrid plants of species without crossability can be obtained through the use of immatured embryo culture. Some of plated embryos developed directly shoots from embryos and the others shoot-forming callus. Cross between related species showed a high frequency of directly shoot formation from plated embryos and cross between remotely related species a high frequency of callus formation.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.531-536
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• 1993

Hordeum bulbosum에 의한 보리 반수체 이용육종은 단기간에 목적 형질을 고정하는 일반적인 이점 외에 세포학적으로 안정된 많은 반수체를 용이하게 얻을 수 있는 기능성이 있기 때문에 이 방법의 실용화을 제고하기 위한 방법을 체계화하기 위해 일년의 실험을 실시하였으며 우선, H. bulbosum의 여러 형질의 특성 및 재배종과의 교배시 유배형성율등을 조사하였다. H. bulbosum은 H. vulgare에 비하여 간이 가늘고 간장이 길며 세엽이나, 수장이 길고 수당영화수가 2배이상 많으며 수장개화일수가 3배이상 길었으며, H bulbosumrks에는 차이가 적었다. H. bulbosum중 4배체는 2배체에 비하여 유배형성율은 8%, 식물체 발생율은 2배이상 높으나 염색체의 일부가 완전히 소실되지 않으므로 보리의 반수체를 이용한 육종에는 활용할 수 없는 것으로 인정되었다.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2018년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.114-114
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• 2018

Among the various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the plant, floral scent plays a key role in attracting pollinators for reproduction and mediates ecological interactions. Floral scent is an important trait and industry drives the competition for flowers with novel scents. Chrysanthemum is one of the well-known ornamental plants and is a popular cut flower across the world. Floral scent and the genes responsible for the floral scent emission are poorly studied in chrysanthemum. In the present study, floral scent and the expression pattern of floral scent genes were analyzed in two chrysanthemum cultivars 'Golden Egg' and 'Gaya Glory'. Initially, intensity of the floral scent in five developing stages of flower including 'budding (B), bud developing (BD), initial blooming (IB), almost open (AO) and open flower (OF)' was analyzed using electronic nose (E-nose) with six metal oxide sensors. Based on the distance analysis, different stages of flower showed different relative intensity of scent according to the sensory evaluation. Although the scent pattern differed by stage, scent intensity was strongest in the OF stage in the completely opened flower in both the cultivars. Further, expression pattern of six genes in the floral scent pathway including FDS, IDI, ISPH, TPS2, TPS5 and TPS6 was observed in all the five stages of the flower in both the cultivars. The expression pattern of all the six genes differed by stage and the terpene synthase genes TPS2, TPS5 and TPS6 showed good expression levels in the $5^{th}$ flower stage compared to other stages. This study provides a preliminary data for understanding the regulation of floral scent in chrysanthemum.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.159-165
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• 2015

The cultivation area and use of genetically modified (GM) crops have been increased continuously over the world and concerns about the potential risks of GM crops are also increasing. One of the major concern in risk assessment is the possible development of hybrids through interspecific and intergeneric crosses with related species. This study was conducted to investigate the pollinator have an influence on insect-mediated gene transfer from GM soybeans. Hybrid was induced from GM soybeans by honeybee and western flower thrips, and non-GM soybeans were used as pollen receptor. The analysis for gene-flow was conducted by herbicide selection, immunostrip test, and PCR analysis. In the result of the analysis, three hybrids were detected on the distance 15, 75, 105 cm from pollen source in western flower thrips treatment. In honeybee treatment, one hybrid was detected in the farthest distance (300 cm). These results suggested honeybee and western flower thrips have a possibility they can transfer the introduced gene from GM soybeans to non-GM soybeans.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.107-122
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• 2012

식물에서 화색은 종자를 퍼트리기 위해 꽃가루 매개충과 초식동물을 유인하는데 매우 중요한 도구이다. 사람에게 화색은 다채로운 시각적 다양성으로 큰 심미적 가치를 지님으로써 화훼산업의 발전은 새롭고 다양한 매력을 지닌 화색을 생산하는 방향으로 꾸준히 발전되어 왔다. 카로티노이드 성분은 화색 중에서 적색, 홍색, 황색을 나타내는 천연색소로서 이러한 카로티노이드 생합성 경로는 생명공학 기술을 이용하여 화색을 변화시키려는 대사공학의 주된 대상으로 여겨져 왔다. 본 총설에서는 카로티노이드 생합성 대사관련 유전자 발현 조절에 의한 색소 표현형의 변화를 소개하고자 하며, 최근 카로티노이드의 생합성을 넘어 절단과 축적 조절이 화색 변경을 위한 대표적인 기작으로 보고됨에 따라 다양한 화색만큼이나 다양한 조절 기작에 대한 현재까지의 지식을 총 동원하여 원하는 화색을 지닌 인공적인 꽃(engineered flower)을 생산하기 위한 전략을 종합해서 제시하고자 하였다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2014

Bumblebees are important pollinators of crops and wildflowers. The Korean native bumblebee, Bombus ignitus, undergoes one generation per year, and induction of artificial hibernation is essential for year-round rearing of the bumblebee. Keeping queens under cold treatment conditions for several mo is an effective method for terminating their diapause and promoting colony development. In the present study, we investigated how the timing and duration of chilling affect the artificial hibernation of B. ignitus queens. In the timing assessment, cold treatment was instituted at 12 d, 40 d, or 100 d after eclosion under a constant temperature of $5^{\circ}C$ and 80% humidity. The queens that entered cold treatment at 12 d after emergence evidenced the highest survival rates: 86.7% at two mo, 73.3% at three mo, and 46.4% at 4 mo. Survival rates were reduced under storage conditions at 12 d, 40 d, and 100 d after emergence. When queens were subjected to chilling at 8 d, 12 d, or 16 d after eclosion with constant 80% humidity, the queens stored at 12 d after eclosion exhibited the highest survival rates, which were 84.6 at one mo, 25.0% at two mo, and 7.9% at three mo. In regards to the duration of the cold period, the queens that hibernated for at least two mo evidenced optimal colony development rates. The rates of oviposition, colony foundation, and progeny-queen production of queens hibernated for two mo were 60.0%, 30.0%, and 13.3%, respectively. These values were 6.0 to 13.3 times higher than those in the queens that hibernated for 15 d. Therefore, a cold period of at least 2 mo applied 12 d after emergence were found to be the most favorable conditions for diapause break in B. ignitus queens.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.219-227
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to quickly and effectively identify the Nosema disease of bumblebees in Gangwon Province in Korea. Bumblebees are crucial pollinators of various crops, and microsporidia are the critical pathogens of these hosts. When bumblebees are infected with Nosema bombi, their abdomens can become distended. Paralyzed and infected workers often become sluggish and die early. We have identified the morphology of the microsporidium by light and electron microscopy, and found it to have fairly small oval spores, as has been described previously in many other articles. For the specific and sensitive diagnosis of the microsporidian parasite N. bombi in bumblebees, we have developed an improved method of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for expeditious diagnosis. Two pairs of primers were tested on N. bombi and the related microsporidia Nosema apis and Nosema sp., both of which infect Bombus ignitus and Bombus hypocrita sapporoensis. Furthermore, we have verified and analyzed the 16SrRNA sequence data of N. bombi in bumblebees by using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) server at the National Center for Biotechnology Information.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.157-161
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• 2014

Understanding the gene flow from genetically modified (GM) crops to conventional crops is important to prevent and mitigate seed contamination caused by pollen-mediated gene flow. We conducted a field test to investigate the gene flow from diamondback moth resistant GM cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) containing cry1Ac1 gene, to a non-GM control line AD126. GM and non-GM cabbage plants were cultivated in the field and pollinated using Bombus terrestris under the nets during the flowering periods. After seeds were collected from non-GM plants, hybrids between them and the GM cabbages were screened by multiplex PCR targeting cry1Ac1 gene. Out of 878 germinated seedlings, 168 hybrids were found and the average gene flow frequency was 19.7%. Because cabbage is mainly pollinated by insect pollinators, large-scale field tests are needed to study gene flow of GM cabbage.

• 식품보건융합연구
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.17-21
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• 2020

The response of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) pollination on canola yield with reference to most suitable number of bee hive need per unit area of crops in order to meet optimum pollination needs and better economic yields by comparing number of hives and yield components an experiment was conducted at Beekeeping and Hill Fruit Pests Research, Station Rawalpindi during 2017-18 in complete randomized block design with two sets of four treatments for comparison: 1 hive acre^-1, 2 hives acre^-1, 3 hives acre^-1 and 0 hive acre^-1. The hives were kept inside the experimental area. Parameters were assessed: pollination density, pollinator's diversity, agronomic and economic yield. In case of pollination density, the cumulative mean abundance bee species revealed that at 1200 hours, Apis mellifera was the most abundant and frequent visitor with a mean population of 8.69 bees/plant followed by A. dorsata (0.72), Syrphid fly (0.2) and other pollinators. Minimum bee population was observed during 1400 hours, mainly due to the closure of flowers and partially due to high temperature (>35℃). Pollinator diversity revealed that A. mellifera was the most dominant pollinator of Brassica crop with highest abundance (71%). A. dosata ranked 2^nd (16%) followed by A. florea (6%) respectively.