• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.48
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• pp.127-155
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• 2010

The international transactions of capital goods such as industrial plant exports, overseas constructions, and shipbuilding exports, are so huge that tremendous amount of funds are required, and that most of the loans are long-term credits of over five years. In the export of huge capital goods, financing is more crucial than technology itself. Some of the importing countries are developing ones that are politically and economically unstable. Therefore the financing mechanism for these transactions is conclusive in winning these projects. Global financial market instability caused by US sub-prime mortgage financial crisis expanded all over the world, and the international transactions have been decreased due to global credit crisis. This indicates how much influential the financing market is in international transactions. The financing schemes are classified into supplier credit and buyer credit by who provides the financing. A supplier credit is a credit extended by an exporter(seller) to an importer(buyer) as part of an export contract. Cover for this transaction may be extended by an export credit agency('ECA') to the exporter. In a sales contract a seller shall provide fund required to manufacture goods, and in a construction contract a contractor shall provide fund required to complete a construction. A buyer credit is an arrangement in which an exporter enters into a contract with an importer, which is financed by means of a loan agreement A Comparative Study on a Supplier Credit and a Buyer Credit in International Transactions of Capital Goods 155 where the borrower is the importer. In a sales contract a buyer shall provide fund required to manufacture and procure the goods, and in a construction contract an owner shall provide fund required to complete a construction. Therefore an exporter is paid on progressive payment method. A supplier credit and a buyer credit have their own advantages and disadvantages in the respect of the parties respectively. These two financing methods are selectively used considering financing conditions such as funding cost, importer's and/or exporter's financial conditions, importing country's political risk.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.45-65
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• 2009

China and Taiwan had opened complete Three Linkages era December 2008, in the 59 years. The improvement of two countries' relationship is expecting to spur two countries more on the economy exchange. However the increasement of investment and trade between two countries will increase disputes to ratio. In order to settle the disputes related to economy between two countries, the most favorite way is to use arbitral system which involve less public power. After China and Taiwan recognized this point, they announced provisions which allow to solve controversies through the arbitration between parties of two countries since 1980, and prepared legal basis for dispute settlement between two countries. However, because China and Taiwan do not authorize each party as a country, the execution application made by each party based on New York Convention related to foreign arbitral awards cannot be approved. Because of these kind of reasons China and Taiwan should agree in order to guarantee mutual execution of arbitral awards which is an ultimate purpose of arbitration. However because of the political situation of two countries there are provisions related to execution for arbitral awards decided by each party. In this paper, I separated the provision related to mutual execution for arbitral awards of each party of China and Taiwan, examined exposed problems, and suggested ways to improve. It can support some of assistance and implication to establish basis of arbitral system between South Korea and North Korea and to suggest direction to derive through this kind of study.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2017

The Jasmine Revolution started from Tunisia in January 2011 has brought many changes into countries in North Africa and Middle East. We need to study the causes of the revolution. First, the kings and dictators in those countries oppressed the opposition parties and the media aiming for long-term seizure of power. The power concentrated on specific people produced illegalities and corruption. Secondly, most of the national income of those countries belonged to kings and dictators producing problems during the distribution of the income. Especially, with the decrease of oil price in 1990s and the increase of the price of daily necessities in 2000s people lost their credits on their governments. Lastly, the number of people in those countries using the Internet has increased by 4,863% from 2000 to 2010. The expansion of social network services such as Facebook and Twitter was one of factors that made the information control by those countries difficult. We should think about the possibility of sudden change in North Korea. It is necessary to compare and analyze the political, economic and social characteristics between those countries and North Korea. It shouldn't be just a simple comparison or analysis. It should provide basic data for objective and quantified index development in relation to sudden change in North Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.786-801
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• 2013

This study aims to elucidate features of the geography assessment of France in which geography has a high status in school curriculum. The main data for analysing are the geography examinations(1999-2013) of the Baccalaur$\acute{e}$at. In terms of objectives of the assessment, the exams put emphasis on promoting cultural knowledges of students and developing their competences in graphic languages. In terms of formal aspect, the exams take a simple layouts to raise a readability, use variable test tools, especially an essay and a 'croquis'. They also emphasize students self-directedly constructing and representing geography knowledges and their inquiry abilities with geography materials. In terms of contents aspect, the exams mainly cover subjects of political-economic geography, particularly a spatial organization, a development inequality and the world powers in global contexts or macro spatial scales. One of a distinguishing characteristics of Baccalaur$\acute{e}$at's History-Geography examinations is that it designs to keep balance between two parties; history and geography.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• no.39
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• pp.189-219
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• 2008

The purpose of this article is to examine the dynamics of pension insurance policy-making and policy outputs under the developmental state of Korea, by analysing the first attempt to establish the national pension scheme in the early 1970s. To the aim, this article formulated the comprehensive analytical framework from the viewpoint of process-oriented perspective, linking policy-making dynamics with the policy context as an external constraint and policy output as a result of policy-making. Policy context was explored in terms of three variables of politics, civil society and economy, whilst policy-making and policy network dynamics were examined by employing the following variables: i) initiators, motivation and triggering devices, ii) number of participants and key players, iii) participants' interests, iv) major conflicting parties and key differences of allegation, and v) interactions between participants. Policy outputs were analysed by looking into the mainly reflected interests and the change of intended policies.

• Korean Journal of Legislative Studies
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.85-111
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• 2018

This study examines the puzzle of institutional change of irregular worker protection system in Korea through a theory of incremental institutional change. It is the case of "conversion" mode of institutional change that occurs when ambiguous rules permit reinterpretations of rules and regulations for converting functions of institutions into new ones without formal revision. Management sectors with enforcement power have circumvented main rules of high discretion since 2007. In institutional dimension, the extent of irregular workers and the provisions of limit on employment-period and prohibition-correction on discrimination lack sufficient details. In political context, veto possibilities have been downward. Irregular workers were hardly organized independently and two labor union federations mainly composed of regular workers were less receptive to them. Veto possibilities in legislation were also low: the Economic and Social Development Commission ended up in weak labor representation and labor parties in the National Assembly have undergone dissolution.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.213-243
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• 2017

In the first half of 2016, Indonesian President Joko "Jokowi" Widodo continued his efforts to secure support from major political parties, often benefiting from internal party conflicts. During the tense campaign for the 2017 Jakarta gubernational election, however, blasphemy charges against incumbent "Ahok", an ethnic Chinese and Christian, put Jokowi in trouble. Led by radical Islamic organizations such as Front Pembela Islam (FPI), half a million people filled Jakarta's streets, calling for Ahok's arrest. The resurgence of identity politics questioned the boundaries of the Indonesian nation and its core premises on the relationship between religion and the state. In the realm of foreign policies, the Jokowi administration maintained its tougher stance against illegal fishing in its waters. In spite of Indonesia's clashes with Chinese vessels in the Natuna sea, however, it is unlikely that the tension will escalate uncontrollably, as the Jokowi administration is seeking investment from rich neighbors for building infrastructure, which will be his key legacy for the 2019 presidential election.

• Korean Journal of Legislative Studies
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.5-33
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• 2020

Ahead of the 21st Korean National Assembly Election, the congressional election law was revised, and the semi-mixed member proportional system was introduced. The purpose of the revision of the election law was to increase the proportionality and representativeness of the election system through the institutional reform in the direction of promoting a multi-party system. This study shows that the effect of the introduction of the semi-mixed proportional system was compared with the election results when the previous proportional representative system was maintained. There was no significant difference from the results. This study reveals that contrary to the intention of institutional design to revitalize the multi-party system, the two large political parties took the most seats after democratization in 1987, resulting in an unintended consequences. In addition, with regard to the recent argument for party realignment, the Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongnam regions have been dealigned in the Yeongnam regional cleavage, and are undergoing a process of party realignment. It has not yet entered the stage of realignment, but remains in the stage of fluid dealignment.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.91-119
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• 2005

This study examines the perception and trust of Korean society and people among students and adults using the indigenous psychological analysis. A matched sample of 1,107 participants, consisting of 369 students, their mothers and their fathers completed a questionnaire developed by the present researchers. The results indicate that parents more likely than adolescents to hold negative views of Korean society. Adults are more likely than adolescents to view Korean society as showing high ingroup favoritism, to be insecure, to be conservative, to be corrupt, and to have social inequities. Both groups agree that Korean society is not rational nor democratic, but believe that it has the potential for progress. Second, parents are more likely to hold negative views about Korean people. Adults are more likely than adolescents of viewing Korean people as overly conscious about social face, emotional, selfish, exclusionary, and conceited. Both adolescents and their parents agree that Koreans are cooperative, full of jung (deep affection and attachment), and sincere. Third, adults are less likely to trust Korean institutions than adolescents. Adults are less likely than adolescents to trust National Assembly, political parties, and unions. Adolescents are more likely than their parents to trust family members, school friends, teachers, and government employees. These results indicate that adolescents have higher trust of Korean society and people than their parents. Fifth, the overall results indicate that both group perceive Korean society as showing high ingroup favoritism and corruption. In terms of Korean people, respondents had a more balanced view of perceiving them as highly sensitive to social face and being emotional, while also perceiving them as cooperative and full of jung. The trust of Korean institutions were generally low, especially the National Assembly and political parties. However, the trust of family was very high, followed by trust of school friends and teachers. The trust of government employees was low and this was especially the case for politicians.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.25
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• pp.145-174
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to research the correlation of Sijo with Akjang. In Joseon Dynasty, the contact of folk music and court music was brisk. Although they had some political premises, many Jeongjaes presented in the royal court parties accepted Gagok, one of the representative folk song genres. It was an eye-opening matter. The song words sung by Gagok music accompaniment were the lyrics of Sijo. We can give Sijo that was used in diverse royal court parties as an typical example about introduction of folk music to the court music. A lot of Goryeo Dynasty's Jeongjaes were introduced to Joseon Dynasty nearly as they are. Naturally so most Sokak-gasas were. Bukjeon was sung to Jinjak tune which Jeong-gwajeong was sung. Bukjeon in the music book Akhak-Guebum is a long song, but instead Bukjeons in the music book Geumhapjabo and Yang'geum-sinbo are short. It suggests that the poetic form of Sijo was introduced to the Lyric of royal court music from a point of time in the early Joseon Dynasty. Especially, Bukjeon had been continued to the late Joseon Dynasty after exchanging to the lyric form of Sijo. Bukjeon had been used In the royal court to the first half of Joseon Dynasty It became established in the repertory of Gagok after spreading to people out of court. Turnover from the long Bukjeon to the short was a result that the folk music influenced royal court music. Bukjeon. song words praying King's longevity. was used in the diverse situations such as a small royal parties, royal archery, and King's outing. It can be a clue that the Korean song words continued to late Joseon Dynasty were used for the lyric of royal court music. In the correlation of the poetic form of Sijo and Akjang, we can find out some characteristics different from our common sense to distinguish royal court music from folk music.