• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.373-381
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• 2019

Site-directed mutagenesis was employed to generate five different triple point mutations in the double mutant (C295A/I86A) of Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus alcohol dehydrogenase (TeSADH) by computer-aided modeling with the aim of widening the small alkyl-binding pocket. TeSADH engineering enables the enzyme to accept sterically hindered substrates that could not be accepted by the wild-type enzyme. The underline in the mutations highlights the additional point mutation on the double mutant TeSADH introduced in this work. The catalytic efficiency ($k_{cat}/K_M$) of the ${\underline{M151A}}$/C295A/I86A triple TeSADH mutant for acetophenone increased about 4.8-fold higher than that of the double mutant. A 2.4-fold increase in conversion of 3'-methylacetophenone to (R)-1-(3-methylphenyl)-ethanol with a yield of 87% was obtained by using ${\underline{V115A}}$/C295A/I86A mutant in asymmetric reduction. The ${\underline{A85G}}$/C295A/I86A mutant also produced (R)-1-(3-methylphenyl)-ethanol (1.7-fold) from 3'-methylacetophenone and (R)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-ethanol (1.2-fold) from 3'-methoxyacetophenone, with improved yield. In terms of thermal stability, the ${\underline{M151A}}$/C295A/I86A and ${\underline{V115A}}$/C295A/I86A mutants significantly increased ${\Delta}T_{1/2}$ by $+6.8^{\circ}C$ and $+2.4^{\circ}C$, respectively, with thermal deactivation constant ($k_d$) close to the wild-type enzyme. The ${\underline{M151A}}$/C295A/I86A mutant reacts optimally at $70^{\circ}C$ with almost 4 times more residual activity than the wild type. Considering broad substrate tolerance and thermal stability together, it would be promising to produce (R)-1-(3-methylphenyl)-ethanol from 3'-methylacetophenone by ${\underline{V115A}}$/C295A/I86A, and (R)-1-phenylethanol from acetophenone by ${\underline{M151A}}$/C295A/I86A mutant, in large-scale bioreduction processes.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.239-243
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• 2007

Many allergists are currently focusing on the development of new diagnostic tools, and are attempting to improve both the sensitivity and specificity. A multiple allergen simultaneous test-chemiluminescent assay (MAST-CLA) is one of the most popular diagnostic tools used in the Republic of Korea. However, there remains controversy among allergists with regard to the cut-off point for a positive result. The present study was conducted in order to determine the validity of MAST-CLA as compared with that of the skin prick test, with particular emphasis on arthropod allergens, on the basis of percentage agreement rates and k-values, and also to suggest the optimal positive cutoff points using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The study was conducted with 97 subjects (54 men, 43 women). Optimal individual cut-off points were calculated as follows; class II for Dermatophagoides farinae, class I for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and trace for a cockroach mix. These findings suggest that attempting to apply optimal individual cut-off points will be a good way of improving diagnostic tests, particularly MAST-CLA.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.319-323
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• 2015

The performance of diagnostic test accuracy is usually summarized by a variety of statistics such as sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, likelihood ratio, and kappa. These indices are most commonly presented when evaluations of competing diagnostic tests are reported, and it is of utmost importance to compare the accuracies of diagnostic tests to decide on the best available test for certain medical disorder. However, it is important to emphasize that specific point values of these indices are merely estimates. If parameter estimates are reported without a measure of uncertainty (precision), knowledgeable readers cannot know the range within which the true values of the indices are likely to lie. Therefore, when evaluations of diagnostic accuracy are reported the precision of estimates should be stated in parallel. To reflect the precision of any estimate of a diagnostic performance characteristic or of the difference between performance characteristics, the computation of confidential interval (CI), an indicator of precision, is widely used in medical literatures in that CIs are more informative to interpret test results than the simple point estimates. The majority of peer-reviewed journals usually require CIs to be specified for descriptive estimates, whereas domestic veterinary journals seem less vigilant on this issues. This paper describes how to calculate the indices and associated CIs using practical examples when assessing diagnostic test performance.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.643-654
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and psychometrically test the Korean Geriatric Loneliness Scale (KGLS). Methods: The initial items were based on in-depth interviews with 10 older adults. Psychometric testing was then conducted with 322 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 or older. Content, construct, and criterion-related validity, classification in cutoff point, internal consistency reliability, and test-retest reliability were used for the analysis. Results: Exploratory factor analysis showed three factors, including 15 items explaining 91.6% of the total variance. The three distinct factors were loneliness associated with family relationships (34.3%), social loneliness (32.4%), and a lack of belonging (24.9%). As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, 14 items in the three-factor structure were validated. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that the KGLS' cutoff point of 32 was associated with a sensitivity of 71.0%, specificity of 80.2%, and area under the curve of .83. Reliability, as verified by the test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient, was .89, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ was .90. Conclusion: As its validity and reliability have been verified through various methods, the KGLS can contribute to assessing loneliness in South Korean older adults.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2017

Pavilions, follies, and installations provide a place with a new experience beyond that of simple garden architecture. From this point of view, this study tried to analyze the constructs in the Glass House site, which Philip Johnson has built for 50 years. After Chapter 1 Introduction, which summarized the background of the study, Chapter 2 investigated the design background of the landscape and the types of the constructs there. It also, studying literature on pavilions, follies, and installations, defined the basic meanings of them. Chapter 3 identified the features of each construct through the case studies of it, analyzing Johnson's intentions on it. These features are such as the applications of classical follies, the quotations of architectural history, fusion with art, architectural experiments, and the monuments of personal history. In conclusion, this study, finding the site specificity as a common feature of pavilions, follies, and installations, referred to two aspects of this, which are not only physical placeness but also cultural media.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.21-28
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• 2007

Objectives : Kyenegum has been popularly used long as the digestive. The purpose of this study was to investigate the purification and characteristics of protease obtained from Kyenegum crude enzyme. Methods : Kyenegum protease was purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate followed by SP-Spharose ion exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of Kyenegum protease was estimated by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Results : Kyenegum protease was 3,087 units/mg protein specific activity, 14.5 purification fold and 9.8 % recovery. The molecular weight of protease was estimated to be 18 kDa. The isoelectric point was pI 8.97 and values of Km and Vmax of its were 48 mg/mL and 2 units/min, respectively. Conclusion : The result suggests that the protease obtained from Kyenegum has excellent stability of temperature, acid and collagen substrate specificity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.30
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• pp.307-320
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to classify of the ancient belt 'the Gwathai' especially in the timesof three countries. For this purpose the Gwathai was classified as to the motif which was decorated on the plate of the Gwathai and also another parts of the Gwathai were studied. The Gwathai could be classified of three parts. The first rectangular plate and the hanging part with heart motif and the second reverse-heart plate. The character of the third part was the specificity of the plate motif. Also there was a hanging part at the Gwathai and it was organized with the diverse form At first it was used for the practical pur-pose and then later for the decorational pur-pose. But this study could'nt reval the chang channel of the Gwathai and the relation be-tween region. This is the limit of this study. So more study is necessary to clarify this point.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.63-73
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• 2011

In the middle of that a information form is being formlessly changed to diverse deirections, a design and a space as physical consequence show not only a allegory but mutually relational charicteristic meaning a nonboundary and nonlinear form by development of modem digital culture. Following development of the modern digital culture, a design and space which are physical results, show a point of correlative specificity, allegory, nonlinear and nonboundary, Not only a design and culture but also various circles handle a hypertext as a representative pivot in this change. this has same contexts as rhizome possessing a asignifiante and nomadic characteristic said by Felix Guattari and Gilles Deleuze. An ideal of rhizome space shows historical decisions, unexpected accidents, a concepts, an individual. a group, social compositions above an contrifugal exterior force, This study examines into surroundings designed by a hypertext and rhizome through a case accordingly and infers an ultramodern characteristic in conventional precognition with synthesizing a peculiarity of the digital generation space.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2081-2085
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• 2012

Background: To investigate the value of ultrasound elastography (UE) in the differentiation between benign and malignant enlarged cervical lymph nodes (LNs). Methods: B-mode ultrasound, power Doppler imaging and UE were examined to determine LN characteristics. Two kinds of methods, 4 scores of elastographic classification and a strain ratio (SR) were used to evaluate the ultrasound elastograms. Results: The cutoff point of SR had high utility in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant of cervical lymph nodes, with good sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Conclusion: UE is an important aid in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant cervical LNs.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.381-389
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• 2012

This study starts from the question about the possibility of landscape, especially the possibility to give a new vision in the aspect of publicity. Such a concept of landscape architecture made its appearance in the last decade of the 20th century, as the flexible network to include the changes and the specificity of the surroundings, which simultaneously focuses on the temporality-the uncertainty. Moreover landscape architecture can be defined as the architecture in which the interest on human activities lie in the center of the concept. By analyzing concrete examples, the landscape architecture can be defined in 3 aspects : unity of building and nature, void and public space, space of expansion. As a result of the analysis of landscape architects' statements, it can be said that the issues of publicity are always put at the starting point of landscape architecture with its attention to the way to associate an individual with the others.