• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.225-228
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• 2018

Plasticizers added to thermoplastic polymers are known to shorten the life of products due to the elution to outside, and some of them are harmful to our environment and human body. Since the use of phthalate plasticizers suspected of being carcinogens has been gradually prohibited, there is a need for environmentally friendly plasticizers that can replace them. Most of the substances have a low compatibility with resin, high cost and lack of safety verification. Therefore, in this study, four kinds of norbornene dialkyl ester compounds possessing excellent physical properties, which are also reported as safe compounds from the toxicity evaluation, were added to PVC resin to evaluate the possibility of human exposure by leaching, and also the potential usage as plasticizer candidates alternative to commercial ones including DEHP, DINCH and DOTP. The test was carried out according to the American standard test method (ASTM). The results showed that di-2-ethylhexyl-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylate (DEHN) in aqueous solvents and diisopentyl-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylate (DIPN) compounds in oil solvents were superior or equivalent to DEHP. In addition, all four norbornene compounds showed lower values than 100 ppm, which is considered to have an influence on the environment, indicating that the polar norbornene structure affects the elution.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.9-16
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• 1999

Edible films were prepared from proteins extracted from soybean curd residue by alkaline extraction and isoelectric precipitation. Effects of film forming solution pH and plasticizers on mechanical and barrier properties of edible films were studied. films were formed within pH $7{\sim}11$ with tensile strength (TS) of $2.9{\sim}3.3$ MPa. Films produced under pH 10 had the highest TS and Elongation (E) (3.3 MPa and 60.1%) but no significant difference was observed among water vapor permeabilities (WVP) of film. Glycerol, sorbitol and its mixture (1:1, w/w) were added as plasticizers. The concentration and mixing ratio of plasticizers also affected the TS, E and WVP of films. TS of films decreased from 15.0 MPa to 2.9 MPa as plasticizer concentration increased from 0.4 to 0.8 g plasticizer/g protein. At a plasticizer concentration, the highest TS was observed when sorbitol was used whereas the highest E was measured when mixture of glycerol and sorbitol was used as plasticizer WVP of films increased as the plasticizer concentration increased. Films plasticized with glycerol showed the highest WVP among the films with the same plasticizer concentrations. Edible films prepared from soybean curd residue protein showed very low oxygen permeabilities ($29.5{\sim}61.1aL{\cdot}m/m^2{\cdot}s{\cdot}Pa$) and oil resistance at all plasticizer concentration level tested.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.159-168
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• 2019

Plasticizers, which are added to plastics, can cause exudation, which means that the plasticizer comes out from surface of the plastics. This causes the surface of plastic artworks to become sticky, and this allows dust and pollutants to become attached to the surface. Therefore, in this study, the degradation characteristics and chemical cleaning methods of each type of plasticizer are evaluated using PVC specimens. To evaluate the degradation characteristics and chemical cleaning methods, microscopic observation, chromaticity and weight measurement, and FT-IR spectroscopy were performed. The results showed that PVCs containing different plasticizers have different degradation patterns. Especially, the PVC containing TOTM showed discoloration and exudation. In the evaluation of the chemical cleaning methods, ethyl alcohol and KOH solution showed good effects, but their stability was not good. Surfactant was found to have a good cleaning effect and stability as a cleaner for exudated plasticizers.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.252-257
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• 2023

In this study, to replace phthalate-based plasticizers known as endocrine disruptors, compounds as plasticizer candidates were synthesized by using alcohols containing rings and fatty acids extracted from animal and vegetable oils, and their properties as plasticizers, including their plasticization efficiency, were evaluated. Nine compounds synthesized by esterification of fatty acids (caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid) and alcohols (solketal, benzyl alcohol, cyclohexanol) were identified by ¹H-NMR. The nine synthetic compounds were evaluated for their plasticity by adding them to PVC resin, and compared with the commercial plasticizers DEHP, DINCH, and ESO. According to the results, plasticization efficiency was 0.96 to 1.02 times higher than DEHP, 0.94 to 0.98 times higher than ESO, and 1.05 to 1.10 times higher than DINCH. Thermal stability was somewhat lower than that of DEHP and DINCH, but showed better results than ESO. The results of the solvent extraction test showed that both aqueous and oily solvents showed higher values than DEHP and DINCH but showed similar or superior properties to ESO.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.49-56
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• 2002

For the purpose of the increase in the performance and thermal stability of PBX's, the mixed formal consisting of BDNPF, DNPBF and BDNBF were synthesized. In order to find out the optimal condition for the synthesis of energetic plasticizer, BDNPF, DNPBF and BDNBF, the synthetic procedures have been investigated. We synthesized DNP-OH and DNB-OH through oxidative nitration and controlled various composition of mixed formal by $H_{2}SO_{4}$ and s-trioxane to investigate optimal composition, and then characterized its thermo-physical properties.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.08a
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• pp.154-154
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• 1998

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2004

A procedure based on solid phase microextraction extraction(SPME)-GC/MS has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of plasticizers. The plasticizers investigated in this study are dimethyl phthalate(DMP), diethyl phthalate(DEP), dibutyl phthalate(DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate(BBP), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate(DnOP). The limit of detection(LOD) was 0.163~0.299 with relative standard deciation(RSD) of 5.85~15.80% for these compounds. At water reserviors of Han, Geum, Nakdong and Sumjin rivers, only DBPand DEHP were detected at trace level, 0.192~1.270 ng/ml for DBP and 0.077~1.102 ng/ml for DEHP depending on the river.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.93-98
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• 2009

Migration levels of plasticizers, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl-butyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-octyl phthalate(DNOP), di-iso-decyl phthalate (DIDP) and di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DINP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), from 46 poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) wrap films and 54 PVC gaskets into food simulants were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The method was validated with limit of detection (LOD) of $0.01{\sim}0.02\;{\mu}g/mL$ for DBP, BBP, DNOP and DEHA, and $2\;{\mu}g/mL$ for DIDP and DINP. The linearity were found to be > 0.99 for all the compounds in concentration range of $0.1{\sim}81.4\;{\mu}g/mL$, and overall recoveries were ranged from 90.4 ~ 99.6%. DBP, BBP, DNOP, DEHA, DIDP and DINP were not detected in food simulants, except 1 wrap sample from which 0.28 and $0.99\;{\mu}g/mL$ of DEHA were detected respectively when tested with 20% ethanol and n-heptane as food simulants. These values were below the regulatory limitation in European Union (EU).

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.9-18
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• 2014

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the applicability of the pitch, which is produced during SDA petroleum upgrading process, as a pavement paving material. In order for the purpose, the physical and chemical properties of the pitch are analyzed, and then the various plasticizers are applied in the pitch. METHODS : Two types of pitch are selected from oil refinery companies, which are owned the SDA petroleum upgrading process. Also, two types of asphalt binders, PG 64-22 and PG 58-22, are employed to compare with the pitch because these two types of asphalt binders are currently used as paving materials. For the chemical property of the pitch, the composition of SARA (Saturate, Aromatic, Resin, Asphaltene), the elementary composition, and the functional group are analyzed. For the physical property of the pitch, the basic material property tests, such as penetration test, softening point test, flash point test, ductility test, and rotational viscometer test, are performed. Also, the DSR (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) test and the BBR (Bending Beam Rheometer) test are conducted using asphalt binder specimens obtained by both short term aging (Rolling Thin Film Oven, RTFO) and long term aging (Pressure Aging Vessel, PAV) processes. The rheological property of each pitch type is evaluated as a function of temperatures and loading cycles. PG 64-22 asphalt binder is used as a control material. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS : The Pitch may not be suitable for the pavement paving material without modifications, but the pitch can be used as alternatives of modified addictive or asphalt. If low molecular component, such as saturate and aromatic components, are added in the pitch based on the development of various plasticizers, it has a strong possibility for the pitch to be used as a alternative. However, in order to verify the performance property of the pitch, further research is needed.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.111-126
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• 1987

Methyl methacrylate-butyl methacrylate copolymer (MMBM)-dibutyl phthalate (DBP) films were investigated as a potential topical drug delivery system for the controlled release of nitrofurazone. The kinetic analysis of release data indicated that drug release followed a diffusion-controlled granular matrix model, where the quantity released per unit area is proportional to the square root of time. DBP of several hydrophobic plasticizers selected was found to give the highest release of nitrofurazone. However, hydrophilic plasticizers such as propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol 400 had no controlled release properties and acceptable film formation. The effects of changes in film composition, drug concentration, film thickness, pH of release medium, and temperature on the in vitro release of nitrofurazone were analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. The release rate constant (k') was found to be proportional to DBP content, pH, and the temperature of release medium, but independent of film thickness, and drug concentration in a range of 0.1-0.4% by weight. The linear relationship was found to exist between the log k' and DBP content. The release of nitrofurazone from MMBM-DBP (8:2) films was found to be an energy-linked process. Two energy terms were calculated ; the activation energy for matrix diffusion was 13.45 kcal/mole, and the heat of drug crystal solvation was 27.26-29.34 kcal/mole. Observation of scanning electron micrographs and microscopic photographs showed that the incorporation of DBP in films increased markedly the particle size of nitrofurazone dispersed in the film matrix, comparing with the fine dispersion of nitrofurazone in pure MMBM film alone.