• Applied Microscopy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2003

The present study was designed to demonstrate ionic zinc in the rat nasal mucosa by means of zinc selenium autometallography ($ZnSe^{AMG}$). Rats were given sodium selenide either intraperitoneally (i.p) or intranasally (i.n). Prior to the i.n. administration the rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg, i.p.). A thin plastic tube coupled to a Hamilton syringe was then inserted into the right nostril and $10{\mu}l$ of the solution was instilled. For the i.p. administration non-anesthetized rats were given $100{\mu}l$ of the sodium selenide solution (10 mg/kg). Control rats were instilled with saline. After 2 hrs survival, the rats were anaesthetized and transcardially perfused with 3% glutaraldehyde. The olfactory area was removed and put into same fixative. The nose was then sectioned ($30{\mu}m$) horizontally, autometallography (AMG) was performed according to Danscher et al. (1997). After silver enhancement, fine AMG grains were scattered in the whole length of the olfactory epithelium containing olfactory receptor neurons, sustentacular and basal cells. However, much higher concentration of the AMG grains occupied near the surface and in the basal region of the olfactory epithelium. Both groups of i.p. and i.n. administration showed almost same level in the concentration of the AMG grains. In i.n. group, few AMG grains were also found in olfactory nerves of the lamina propria, suggesting zinc transport into the olfactory bulb via olfactory axons. At the electron microscopic level, the AMG grains were most entirely found in the supporting cells of the olfactory epithelium, and they were mostly localized in lysosome-like organelles. The i.n. group showed various signs of tissue damage of the olfactory mucosa, where dense concentration of AMG grains were localized at crystalloid structures. The present study demonstrated dense population of ionic zinc in the rat olfactory epithelium. zinc may play a role in the olfactory functioin and in the pathogenesis of the neurodegerative disorders affecting nose.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.424-433
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• 2017

Antioxidants are used in the manufacturing of commercial food packages made of polyolefin plastic such as polyethylene and polypropylene for the purpose to delay the oxidation reaction of the polymer due to oxygen or traces of ozone in the atmosphere. Additives in plastics may be migrated from the packaging materials into foods, thereby presenting a potential health risk to the consumer. Therefore, it is necessary to determine migration level of antioxidants from food packaging materials to foodstuffs in order to take proactive management. In this study, we have developed a method for the analysis of 10 antioxidants, which are butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), Cyanox 2246, 425 and 1790, Irgafos 168, and Irganox 1010, 1330, 3114 and 1076, migrated from the food packaging materials into four food simulants for aqueous, acidic, alcoholic and fatty foods. The antioxidants were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatograph-ultraviolet detector with 276 nm after solid-phase extraction with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridge or dilution with isopropanol. The analytical method showed a good linearity of coefficient ($R^2{\geq}0.99$), limits of detection (0.11~0.41 mg/L), and limits of quantification (0.34~1.24 mg/L). The recoveries of antioxidants spiked to four food simulants ranged from 71.3% to 109.4%. The migrated antioxidants in this study were within the safety levels that resulted from the safety assessment by the estimated daily intake to the tolerable daily intake.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2011

To optimize the natural chemical agents against nuisance phytoplankton, we examined algal removal activity (ABA) of Plant-Mineral Composite (PMC), which already developed by our teams (Kim et al., 2010), on various conditions. The PMC are consisted of extracted-mixtures with indigenous plants (Camellia sinensis, Quercusacutissima and Castanea crenata) and minerals (Loess, Quartz porphyry, and natural zeolite), and characterized by coagulation and floating of low-density suspended solids. A simple extraction process was adopted, such as drying and grinding of raw material, water-extraction by high temperature-sonication and filtering. All tests were performed in 3 L plastic chambers varying conditions; six different concentrations ($0{\sim}1.0\;mL\;L^{-1}$), six light intensities ($8{\sim}1,400\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$), three temperatures ($10{\sim}30^{\circ}C$), four pHs (7~10), five water depths (10~50 cm), and three different waters dominated by cyanobacteria, diatom, and green algae, respectively. Results indicate that the highest ABA of PMC was seen at $0.05\;mL\;L^{-1}$ in treatment concentrations, where showed a reduction of more than 80% of control phytoplankton biomass, while $1,400\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ in light intensity (>90%), $20{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ temperature (>60%), 7~9 in pH (>90%), below 50 cm in water depth (>90%), and cyanobacterial dominating waters (>80%), respectively. Over the test, ABA of PMC were more obvious on the algal biomass (chlorophyll-${\alpha}$) than suspended solids, suggesting a selectivity of PMC to particle size or natures. These results suggest that PMC agents can play an important role as natural agents to remove the nuisant algal aggregates or seston of eutrophic lake, where occur cyanobacterial bloom in a shallow shore of lake during warm season.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.198-206
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• 1995

Baled silage making(BS) of selected forage crops was discussed during 1991-1993, to determine the best cutting time of the plants for BS production, BS yields and silage quality. Seven species of forage crops and pasture grasses(rye, barley, spring oat, Italian ryegrass, orchardgrass, alfalfa and grass-legume pasture mixtures) were harvested at different stage of growth from young plant to physiological maturity, and baled in a self constructed square baling chamber. Each bales, measured 90cm length, 60cm width and 50cm height, were wrapped with 0.05mrn thick polyethylene plastic film, and stored in stack silo. Each bales were weighed between 15-20 kg in dry matter basis. The effects of pre wilting and formic acid addition on the silage quality of young plant materials, which contained high water concentration, was also evaluated during the experiment. Rye plant including of barley and spring oat were evaluated as a good materials for baled silage making. Fodder rye produced high quality BS with a value of silage quality point 84(Flieg's point) when the plant harvested at stage of greatest dry matter accumulation by 12.64 tonha. The best quality BS of barley was obtained at stage of hard dough to yellow stage by 11.9 ton/ha dry matter yield and 81 point silage quality. Italian ryegrass and pasture grasses including of orchardgrass, alfalfa and grass-legume pasture mixtures procuced also high quality bale silage by harvesting at stage of late blooming. However pre witting operation and formic acid addition was required for BS production of grass materials because of high water contents. Water contents of Italian ryegrass and other pasture species ranged 18.9%(Italian) to 20.8%(alfalfa). Silage quality point of Italian BS harvested at late blooing was increased from 72 to 88 by 1/2-one day pre wilting and 0.3% formic acid treatment. Silage quality of young plant materials of rye and other forage crops, barley and spring oat were also improved markedly through the pre wilting treatment and formic acid addition.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 1978

To study about the effect of harvested stage and physical treatment such as wilting or chopping of plant material on the quality of silage, Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum) harvested at pre-headed or heading stage and Seombadi(Dystaenia takesimana Nakai) harvested at pre-flowering stage, were used for the purpose. The materials were treated in four different ways which were a) non-treated, b) one day-wilted, c) chopped with 1 to 2cm length and d) wilted and chopped, and those were ensiled in plastic containers and stored at room temperature for three months. After three months of storage, it was investigated and obtained the following results. 1) Having 6.31 of NFE/CP ratio and low content of crude fiber, Seombadi contained more suitable constituents for silage than Italian ryegrass. 2) Under the non-treated or chopped condition, the loss of NFE was higher, and lower with wilted material. 3) Wilting or chopping improved DM digestibility. 4) Compared with Italian ryegrass harvested at pre-headed stage, the storage amount per unit volume of heading stage-Italian ryegrass and Seombadi were higher 8% and 69% respectively, and wilting and/or chopping increased the storage amount 41 to 134%. 5) The majority of weight loss during storage was observed at 1st week after ensiling, it continued slightly until 4th week. The highest loss in 8th week were 3.76% of nontreated material. 6) One day wilting increased DM content of silage 23 to 131%. Wilting and chopping increased pH and lactic acid improved the quality considerably. 7) The correlation between $NH_3$ and butyric acid, and between lactic acid and DM were r=0.782**, r=0.634** respectively. The regression equation were y=12.853X+4.908 (X=butyric acid), y=0.016X+1.309(X=DM content), respectively. 8. The above results indicate that it is necessary to wilt or chop material to make good quality silage from Italian ryegrass, and such treatment can improve the quality of silage with Seombadi also.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.597-603
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• 1997

Orostachys japonicus, Wasong as herb medicine, has been artificially cultivated as an anti-tumor medicinal. The experiment was carried out to examine the effect of natural daylength as control or night-break treatment (NB) imposed at June 20, July 18 or Aug. 15 on its growth, dry weights of leaf and bract, stem, floret and root, and morphological characters including bolting and floret flowering. After a plant was grown in a 15cm plastic pot containing a 2 : 1 soil : peat moss mixture on May 23, three treatments with above differing night-break had been imposed around midnight up to Nov. 7. The plants were sampled 3 times at the same day forced to night-break and then done 6 times by 2-week interval after the final NB. Plant height and inflorescence length of all the NB increased with delayed NB but declined in comparison with the natural daylength. No. of leaves including bracts showed similar response to plant height although NB given before July 18 showed less leaves and bracts. Stem diameters of NB were continuously increased to middle Sept. to middle Oct. while that of natural daylength decreased after middle Oct. Natural daylength or NB given on Aug. 15 had greater fraction, shoot and total dry weights resulting from increment of leaf and bract up to Aug. or of floret, stem and root after Sept. The earlier NB, the later formation of florets and the less number of flowering florets whereas in natural daylength florets on inflorescence begun to be formed from middle Sept. were sharply increased up to middle Oct. when all the plants were flowered. Bolting was not formed in the plant of the earliest NB of June 20, and thereby no anthesis of florets up to early Nov. It was concluded that year-round cultivation of Orostachys japonicus plants was possible through controlling the NB timing because its bolting and flowering of florets separately occurred.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 2012

For reconstituting genetic resource(Korean Native Chicken: KNC) with grem-line chimeric chicken made with cryopreserved biastdermal cells, the experiments were carried out to optimize cryopreservating conditions. Stage X biastdemal cells were collected from KNC embryos and dissociated. Cells were susupended in medium containing cyopretectant and fetal bovine serum(FBS), and distributed into plastic ampules. Cell susupensions were seeded to induce ice formation at $-7^{\circ}C$ to $-35^{\circ}C$ at in the experiments, the effect of modification of dissociation way, concentration of FBS and cell density on the vaibility of frezen-thawed cells were investigated by trypan blue exclusion. Then change the way of cell dissociation from pipetting to short time vortexing, viability of frozen-thawed cell tended to be increaced from 29 % to 52 %. Increase concentraition of FBS in frozen medium from 20 % to 80 % made viability of thawed cell from 28 % to 35 %. The viability of thawed cells were 33.9% frozen at 2 embryos/0.5 ml, and 43.6 % frozen at 20 embryos/0.5 ml. Furthermore, combination of three modifications make big improvement. The viability of frozen-thawed cell was 60 % for combinated method, and 41 % for general method. This result means the advance to practical cryoreservation of blastdermal cell of the KNC(Ogolgye breed).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.257-264
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• 1999

The trickling system for automatic and individual watering were made with Bunchungto, Ongito and Backjato. The thickness of ceramics were 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0mm. And they were fired in a muffle furnace at five different temperatures between 500 and 900'E during 12 hours. The upper plastic parts of sensor consisted of five elements made by steel mold. With the photo fiber sensor attached to datalogger, an accumulated amount of drops for every 10 minutes were recorded. The porosity is higher in the order of Bunchungto, Backjato and Ongito; also, as the firing temperature is higher and the thickness is thicker, the porosity is higher. The ceramic sensors consisted of $SiO_2$ of 54.17~71.62wt.%, A1$_2$ $O_3$ of 15.42~33.79wt.% and the rest of 10wt.%, those were Fe$_2$ $O_3$, CaO, MgO, Na$_2$O, $K_2$O, Ti $O_2$, P$_2$ $O_{5}$. The pattern of dropping were changed according to the variety, thickness and firing temperature of ceramics. As the ceramics were made thicker, the fluctuation of dropping became more rapid, but it did not regularly work at 1mm thickness. As the firing temperature of ceramics became higher, the fluctuation of dropped amount became more rapid.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.313-317
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Citrus is usually propagated by grafting onto a rootstock. In Korea, As trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) has dwarf and strong cold hardness, it is widely used as the rootstock of satsuma mandarin. Because 'Shiranuhi' ((Citrus unshiu ${\times}$ C. sinensis) ${\times}$ C. reticulata), a kind of citrus, also, generally is grafted onto a trifoliate orange, most of farmer has been recognized that 'Shiranuhi' root is naturally trifoliate orange. Meanwhile, reduction of flowering in 'Shiranuhi' orchard has been issued among the farmers and researchers over past few years and they guessed it was occurred by severe prune, oversupply of fertilization, overfruiting and temperature of growth period. However, a few researchers strongly assumed that it would be caused by scion rooting of 'Shiranuhi'. So, this study was carried out to identify the existence of scion rooting in 'Shiranuhi' tree in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: To identify the existence of scion rooting in 'Shiranuhi' tree, we randomly selected six 'Shiranuhi'orchards and we surveyed three to four trees, which flowering was not enough, from six 'Shiranuhi' orchards respectively. We took the root samples of 'Shiranuhi' mandarin, and then separated the two group which were non-scion rooting (Trifoliate orange), and scion rooting ('Shiranuhi' mandarin). To identity the scion rooting, we used primer set of three types which were a F2/R15, F4/R15 and F5/R15 primer set. As a result, when we conducted the DNA analysis, fourteen tree in less bloomed twenty tree was proved as tree with the scion rooting of 'Shiranuhi' mandarin. CONCLUSION(S): Scion roots of 'Shiranuhi'mandarin were usually observed in a deeply planted tree, and xylem of 'Shiranuhi' root indicated more white color than a case of trifoliata orange. 'Shiranuhi' tree by scion rooting was more vigorous but less flowering than trees grafted onto trifoliata orange. When we used F2/R15, F4/R15 and F5/R15 primer set for discriminance of 'Shiranuhi'mandarin root and trifoliate root, we identified the existence of scion rooting in 'Shiranuhi', From our results, it is suggested that the influence of scion root should be reviewed in 'Shiranuhi'orchards.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.123-126
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• 1999

Effects of garlic juice (GJ), ethanol- (GJAE) and ethyl ether extract of garlic juice (GJEE), onion juice (OJ) and ethanol extract of onion juice (OJAE), garlic juice+Merit Blue (GJ+MB), ethanol extract of garlic juice+Merit Blue (GJAE+MB), onion juice+Merit Blue (OJ+MB), ethanol extract of onion juice+Merit Blue (OJAE+MB), and Merit Blue (MB) on budbreak, flowering, and maturity of plastic house-grown 'Daebong' grapes (Vitis labruscana B.) were studied. MB alone and in combination with other formulae hastened the budbreak, and double application was more effective than single one. Most of the buds sprouted in early forcing, but percent budbreak in late forcing was very poor except for MB application. In early forcing, single application of MB in combination with other formulae was most effective for hastening flowering while the response to double application was not consistent, and even delayed the flowering except for OJAE, MB, and OJ+MB. In late forcing, single application of all dormancy-breaking agents, especially MB in combination with other formulae, hastened the flowering while flowering response to double application was inconsistent, and even delayed the flowering except for OJAE+MB and OJ. Although there were no significant differences in harvest date among treatments and the number of application in early forcing, single and double application of MB alone and in combination with other formulae, especially double application of OJAE+MB hastened the harvest date for 12 days in late forcing culture.